Hymen What Does It Look Like

Apud Beneventum in full padding - The Courts of Earth

Chronica Minora

The full curia of Benavente is known to us from a text dated in this town on March 11, 1202, in which provide a system established by Alfonso IX in this assembly. Abundant copies and editions of the same, some in Latin and others in romance, but they all refer to two documents in the first half of the thirteenth century that include these provisions, both currently in the Archives of the Cathedral of Zamora, a letter certificate and a copy of Black Tumbo contained in the cathedral.

The full provisions of the curia of Benavente were considered from the point of view of the financial interests of the cathedral of Zamora, and privileges for the inheritance of abadengo The presence of this scroll file in the cathedral is in this sense a clear rationale, as indeed much of the paragraphs refer to abadengo one way or another, and when it settles the question of "bankruptcy" of the currency and the alternative tax of monetary , which theoretically would have a more universal nature, includes express exemption from the salt tax to the canons of the cathedrals. its very classification as "privileges for those with estates of abadengo" indicates that the document specifically affect the interests of the institution Zamora.

As already described by several authors, the text takes the form of a iudicium with a double well defined theme. On the one hand treatment of inheritance of abadengo, who for various reasons become milites held by or others. On this particular clarification of the powers of the king and the abadengo tenure in various situations: per capitulum , in prestimonium or in pignus . In fact, these provisions relate mainly to temporary assignment of abadengo inheritance of the knights, a practice increasingly common in the period under review, whose aim was to ensure a satisfactory use of its assets, while avoiding the interference of councils and other representatives of their own nobility. In this sense the term is meant tempus ad, as a transfer is not final, as is the case with prestimonio delivery. Similarly, members of the clergy, whatever abadengo or orders, can have the inheritance of the milites provided they meet the same laws that meet the rest of inheritance of these milites .

As Valdeavellano Garcia said in Leon and Castile during the Middle Ages were very common in land grant tenure or enjoyment, temporarily or for life, which were made in order to promote and improve the cultivation of the land ceded and obtain in return an income, census or performance economic. This author finds that what was provided in these estates Benavente was taken into prestimonio should be subject to same laws to the estates they own and saved the king's justice.
The gradual strengthening of local power resulted in a tendency for institutions mansions nestled within the jurisdictional areas of the councils, temporarily ceded his property to powerful lords, lay mainly in order to counter the greed of Concejil taxation. So the provisions of the courts of Benavente on this particular privileges were interpreted as abadengo inheritances as assumed a formula to give the management part of their estate to the Knights, without falling into the orbit of the Crown.

The other issue addressed is the sale of the coin. The king agrees not to alter or "break" the law of the coin, without first offering to purchase "terrae people."
The discussions have resulted, as we know from the data, the establishment of an annual tribute of a penny for a period of seven years to the territories lying between the Douro and the sea, supporting the exemption of the canons of the cathedrals, the milites and certain people who work for them at home. That is, a tax result agreement of both parties, in exchange for a promise not to devalue the currency law. Besides establishing the milites or "other" can not benefit financially from collecting this tax, or the fonsadera.
precisely in the cathedral of Zamora, a document of Alfonso IX, no specific date, in which the monarch directs Fernando Ramírez and García Muñiz coppers who do not take the currency to the clergy of the church choir of St. Saviour Zamora. We do not know if the diploma is before or after 1202, but it expresses the relationship between the two performances.

Taken together, the provisions of the curia full of 1202 did not constitute a particularly original or novel issue. At least in part, recall or other ordinances promulgated reformed earlier by Alfonso IX himself or refer generically to actions of his predecessors, which leads inevitably to the figure of Ferdinand II and the involvement of other assemblies comparable to that of 1202 of which do not keep records of their decisions.

This is the general impression you get from reading the document, and is recognized by the judges themselves attendees: "iuditium datum est et inter ipsos ab electis me iudicibus, sicut etiam iam fuerat iudicatum meos et inter suos predecessors. "

Likewise, the text of 1202, to initiate the arrangements for selling the currency again remember past performance: "In ipsa curia iudicatum etiam sicut etiam fuit quod semper fuerat if nouo uoluerit suam rex in Mutare monetam aliam , uniuersi of debent recipere Equalitas regno suo. " Procter

As stated, there is no evidence that the currency is sold in any previous meeting of the curia plena. The difficulty is that the monetary term may be interpreted either as meaning the right or license to manufacture, as in regard to the alternative tax to its not "bankrupt" by the king. However, we have various degrees of Alfonso IX in which is clearly speaking of a tax collected regularly in the kingdom prior to 1202. Thus, both the provisions relating to inheritance of abadengo, such as those pertaining to the sale of the currency and alternative tax seems that already the subject of a previous regulation.

Moreover, it is likely that full padding 1202 is complementary to other matters which were not finally incorporated into the minutes, or, for whatever reason, were not copied on parchment version conserve Zamora's cathedral. As we have seen, all the regulations on the temporary possession of the inheritance of abadengo by milites the question background is the transfer of estates from the crown land and abadengo. A theme that had a long career in various councils and political assemblies of the kingdom of León. Surely this problem
had to be taken into account by judice when making decisions. In addition, the same diploma data reveals a rather unorthodox way of selling the currency "gentibus terre to Dorio usque ad mare." This aspect should be regulated in a more concrete and specific, but its literal development was not included in the appliance device.

much more diffuse and is still vague news of the sale of the currency in Extremadura: "Similiter eodem anno, et tempore fuit monetary simili EMPTA way in toto Extrematura" . The meaning of the sentence seems to indicate that there was another specific provision on the Extremadura, not included in the scroll. Maybe it was enacted later in the curia of Benavente full or in another complementary assembly do not know whether earlier or later. Simply stated laconically that was approved in the same way and in the same year.

Based on all the arguments, the main conclusion obtained is that the document file of the cathedral of Zamora is an excerpt, collection or reprocessing of some of iudicios or regulations promulgated in full padding Benavente held in March 1202, perhaps not everyone. Surely those who were gathered were of particular concern to the kingdom, either because he agreed that time confirm certain previous actions, or because they most directly affect the interests of the church in general and more particularly Zamora headquarters.
From this it produced a diploma, that given its formal aspects and content, everything invites you to think that this is a copy, either issued by the royal chancery or a simple copy, but in no case is the solemn act a curia regia. However, as they may be a reflection of other lost texts deserves to be examined in its entirety. Even if we consider the text of Zamora as issued by the royal chancery, it seems obvious that it would be an ad hoc copy requested by the cathedral of Zamora, and therefore subject mediated by the receptor, in that must have played those precepts of particular interest to the council.

Finally, the parchment of the cathedral of Zamora, despite being one of the oldest texts we hold for this time of the founding of the courts in the kingdom of Leon, is not an exception to with other equivalent qualifications. Suffers most defects and difficulties and glossed for the assemblies of 1188 and 1208, which only serves to show that we are in a time of formation and crystallization of this institution in many ways, including among them the documentary practice.
Image: Alfonso IX as a miniature of Tumbo A de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela, 2. Royal symbol of the Kingdom of León (Tumbo A), 3. Panoramic views of the Castle and Parador de Benavente, 4. Gold penny Alfonso IX - Mint Salamanca? And 5. Fleece money Alfonso IX. Ceca de Santiago de Compostela.
On this question see the following article in PDF: R. GONZÁLEZ RODRÍGUEZ, "The cuts of 1202 and 1228 Benavente," The Kingdom of León at the time of the courts of Benavente, Benavente , 2002, pp. 191-221.

Where Does Blood Get Drawn From For Cholesterol

Benavente, 1202 kings and high towers - The town and fortress of Portillo

The Heritage Pearl

Portillo

The villa is located about 26 kilometers southeast of Valladolid, on the road that leads to Cuellar and Segovia. The town now comprises the core of the Arrabal de Portillo and Portillo. The first surrounded by walls and defended by the castle, overlooking a hill that overlooks the region Valladolid Pine Land, while the second, lower, is organized around the church of St. John the Evangelist and the old road from Valladolid to Cuellar. The proximity to the capital of Pisuerga historically has provided the location of great strategic importance.

The villa belonged since the second half of the fifteenth century the estate of the Counts of Benavente and then after the extinction of the lineage in the nineteenth century, the House of Osuna. During the Civil War with Portugal, the castle housed the county file, moved from the fortress of Benavente. Today the building is owned by the University of Valladolid, by donation in 1946 of Pio del Rio Hortega histologist.

On 23 September 1465 gave Prince Alfonso Plaza Alfonso Rodrigo Pimentel, IV Conde de Benavente (1451-1499). The donation must enroll in the context of the English Civil War and the grants given to the more noble cause Alfonso addicts in rebellion against his half-brother Henry IV. delivery included "all other things pertenesçientes the lordship and jurisdiction of the said town of Portillo and the said terms and jurisdiction and of thirds and other things belonging to me about it and in everything and part dello safe from alcavalas of my income and orders and gold and silver coins. " Later, once the noble sat benaventano the realistic side, Henry IV confirmed Portillo was staged in 1471 and the inauguration of the village.

Portillo's presence in late medieval chronicles will be a constant as a result of the noble struggles of the reign of the last Trastamaras.

In the "Book of bienandanzas and fortunes" of Lope García de Salazar, found in the eighteenth book "Evidence of the prison of the Count of Alva and of Venavente and Don Henry and Serum Quiñones and of their deeds. " Is told here the arrest of Alfonso Pimentel, Conde de Benavente III (1440-1451), and other gentlemen in 1448 by supporters of Don Alvaro de Luna. They were taken to the castle of Portillo, from which managed to escape shortly after sliding down ropes from the walls. These events occurred one December 18, 1448. The count had previously convinced the commandant of the fortress, Diego de Ribera, that it was appropriate to change sides now, since Don Alvaro was destined inevitably to become a loser:

"E Algund this little tienpo enanthic d'ovieron Alonso views Primentel, Earl of Venavente, and Don Ferrando Alvarez, Conde de Alva, and Don Enrique, brother of the admiral, and Suero de Quinones with King John and the prince, his son, and with the constable from Tordesillas and Toro so many for so many, on security. And being in the sights, of horse left L King of an ambush and all four were arrested, and Yogu prisoners, came the Earl of Castle Venavente Portillo and Don Enrique de Santestevan of Gormaz, hanging by ropes. ".
On this particular
different versions. As told in the Chronicle of John II, chess serves as a smokescreen to facilitate the escape of the Count as the warden gets distracted playing with it until the arrival of his supporters é he led them to where the goalkeeper was playing axedrez Count Diego de Ribera. The Count had started this game and it stopped, because Diego de Ribera not walked through the fortress. "

Also in the Chronicle of Henry IV, written by Diego Enriquez del Castillo, is made regarding the intrigues in which he was immersed in Count IV relationship with the rebellion against the Castilian monarch:

"Subcedió the Count of Benavente finding himself embarrassed and confused by aver been against the King in the past in its disservice things, wanting to amend the mistake happened, tried secretly with him, begging him I wanted to forgive and take it for him, of which the King was very happy. E and then, on a tract and convenience did Warden of Portillo, ovo the strength of his hand and took possession of the town and seized é, begged the King to make the mercy of her, which the King made freely, and gela confirmed, where it seemed to be more Conde obligation to serve as below [....] The Count of Benavente wanting to make a nice service to the King, Prince came to pass that from [the Infante Don Alfonso] de Toledo to Arévalo, accompanying the Archbishop and others who followed him partial except the Marquis de Villena, who remained on their land aviation, came one night to sleep in Portillo, where the count very well and received them with love. The Prince was quartermaster the fortress, and the Archbishop and the other gentlemen in the town. And then one morning the following day, when these gentlemen came together at the gate of the fortress, and expected the Prince to leave, the Conde de Benavente sent word that the archbishop was in good time, not because he was to Prince walk more under His command, or walk close to him that the Archbishop was very amenguado. For so the enemy between him and the Earl was seated grand time. "

Portillo in the eighteenth century continued under the aegis of the Pimentel family, as recognized in General Answers Cadastre of Ensenada: "this place is a manor house belonging to the Counts of Benavente, that puts justices in them and the income from the sales taxes are perceived."
In 1751 the population of the village and its 440 neighboring suburbs included "between good and bad." The village had 350 rooms and 50 houses uninhabitable and ruined. There was also a total of three hospitals: "There are two hospitals in town, one for men and one for women, and another in the suburb for men alone." It also mentions a convent outside the walls of the population was Augustinians and consisted of up to forty religious.
The plant and the overall structure of the castle respond Portillo a type of fortification that has been called the School of Valladolid. These baronial castles of the second half of the fifteenth century are inspired by the reform and extension of the strengths of Henry IV and have a very defined features: square, main tower of enormous proportions and internal distribution of palatial character.
Our castle has effectively defended by square blocks at the ends. The indoor enclosure double date usually in the second half of the fourteenth century. Hosts an imposing main tower of 28 meters, the fifteenth century, which has a low vaulted room with pointed arches. Above guess it two floors with wooden floors, now lost, and a magnificent vault in the top. The entrance to this enclosure is made through a cover of defensive gated arch semicircular. Al IV Conde de Benavente, Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, is credited with building the outer barrier artillery with its moats, the arcaded courtyard and the famous pit 32 meters deep, surrounded by a spiral staircase of 123 steps and perimeter underground rooms.

The history of the fortress has not particularly outstanding feats of arms but hosted famous people in its jails, including, as we have seen, the Count himself benaventano, prison functions as did several times. In 1444 John II was held here. But his most famous prisoner was the constable of Castile, Master of Santiago and favorite of King Juan II Don Alvaro de Luna. His fall from grace led to his arrest in Burgos in early April 1453. Burgos spent the castle of Portillo, which retains a vaulted room under the main tower which tradition identifies as his prison.
The king was in a sea of \u200b\u200bdoubts about the punishment to be applied to his former henchman, but his advisers understood, in the words of columnist Perez de Guzman, as Don Alvaro "has Seyda usurper of the crown real, and has é bullied stole your income, which is cut the head and put on a nail on a cadhalso certain days, because it exemplo to all of Your kingdom Great. " passed in Portillo earned his last days before being beheaded in the plaza mayor of Valladolid on June 2, 1453.
Another aspect of the town famous for its traditional Portillo are closures across the field. The portillesas bullfights have a tradition of centuries, being among the oldest documented in Spain. The lineage Pimentel was also a promoter of any of these festivities. In 1617, the birth of the Countess of Mayo, wife of the Count of Benavente, Mr Portillo was the reason for the organization various festive activities for which they were hired comedians, competitions were held pole vault, there were fireworks ("co-eternal") and bulls.
Images: 1. Gateway to the village, 2. Overview of the Castle of the Counts of Benavente, 3. Castle's main facade, 4. Pozo and 5. View of the courtyard.