Breakfast Essentials Good For Adults

When King Ferdinand made people the castle of Malgrado - A Walk in the Benavente of the XII and XIII

Chronica Minora

plane configuration at time Benavente ; of the Kings of Leon Fernando II and Alfonso IX was determined by two basic factors: natural conditions of the place of settlement and the existence of an earlier settlement, the pre-urban nucleus.

The site, on a hill and a wide domain of river valleys and Órbigo Esla, due to a defensive role. A bank, opened on the river Órbigo, naturally protected the whole west side of the agglomeration. Its situated next to a stream at the confluence of the most important roads in the region, explaining the population and fortification of the place, at least from the late eleventh or early twelfth.

Just

have information about the physiognomy of the town before the start of its founding process. Whatever their appearance, the identification of Malgrado with Benavente is a matter to be considered as finally settled. The name change should become effective in 1168, possibly by a royal grant. We are witnessing the use of a new place name, more attractive, with a clear interest repopulation, which is very common in medieval urban history of the peninsula. We know similar cases affecting other towns repopulated during this period: Coyanza by Valencia de Don Juan, Erizana for Bayonne Tuy or by Buenaventura.

initial morphology Malgrado castro should include at the castle, fortification, agencies and related services, and a not very large contingent of people. The traits that define and characterize the town are emerging military and administrative functions. The very name as castrum fortress or used on diplomas, this argument seems clothing. The nucleus of the villa must be placed, according to local tradition, in the lower part, around the Santa Clara, San Andres and San Francisco. It is not possible to specify what his extension in the plane urban, and the truth is that in 1161 the population had a concilium and various government positions such as the merino, the justices and tenente.
The impetus for regia initiative through the provincial grant of letters of 1164 and 1167 resulted in a large urban development, particularly recognizable from 1181. The expansion of the plane was subject to the dictates of natural features, namely the existence of a steep escarpment, The slope-open on the river Órbigo. The bulk of the new settlers were raising their houses on the flat part of the town and on the slopes of the hill.

It is possible that initially, as in other towns, the provision of new streets and neighborhoods come determined by place of origin of the new neighbors. In any case, these populator they settled in different villages, organized around a church as a small village.

Some of these "people" were relatively close together, but others such as the village of the Jews or the collation of Santa Maria de Ventosa were in the suburbs. The construction of a fence made of mud early helped bring together the different peoples. Thus, in the middle of the thirteenth century, with increasing number neighbors and the consequent cohesion of the initial nuclei, the city acquired a certain unity.

The new settlers who came to the village following the signs of the monarch were building their homes around these new snacks. The political action of the council sought to harmonize all these nuclei, giving the same status to the settlers that were incorporated on the existing population, provided that they complied with the conditions laid down in the immunity. Therefore, although the plane around 1230 offered Benavente was not at all regular, we can not speak of a chaotic distribution, but directed or planned growth Concejil in power.

constructive activity during the period of our study was very intense. Initial impulse, sponsored by the monarchy, add the initiative of the neighbors, church, some members of the nobility and especially of the military orders. There is intriguing the fact that much of the news related to construction work relating to construction, consecration and provision of new churches, unequivocal sign of the establishment of settlers and the creation of new snacks.

The "people" of San Martin is a particularly instructive example of the mechanics of settlement. The temple of the collation belonged to the neighbors and heirs of the parish. Therefore, presumably, was they who began its construction in the repopulation of this area of \u200b\u200bthe city. When in 1188 church parishioners donated to the Order of Santiago did so under several conditions, including completion of the works in Benevento sicut illa non sit melior except that ex lapidibus fectis illas construnctur , a term that seems to allude to building, at this time, the Romanesque churches of Santa Maria del Quicksilver and San Juan del Mercado. The Order of Santiago, in turn, contracted various duties, including maintaining a school teacher to instruct the sons of the patrons and help those who fall into poverty.

Another example of constructive initiative, and thus repopulating-sponsored by a military order found in the church of San Juan del Mercado. Its owner, Dona Aldonza, daughter of the counts and Teresa Osorio, he started his factory in an undetermined date. In 1181 appealed the order of the Hospital de San Juan to ensure the continuation of works, paralyzed due to the high cost involved building a Romanesque church of ashlar stone. The hospital took over the church and secured through the completion of the work allocation of assets and income in villages of the district benaventano. In this way, just as happened with St. Martin regarding the Knights of Santiago, San Juan became part of the domain of the Order of San Juan.

To these examples we can add the case of the church of San Salvador, built on the site where later stood the monastery of Santa Clara, on Main Street (now Calle Santa Clara). The temple was built by Rodrigo Pelaez and Maria Joanis, Benavente neighbors belonging to the collation of Santa Maria de Ventosa. The extract preserved the document contains a curious statement given by the owners in which they affirmed that the church built by them, were within the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Oviedo, but the chalices, books and vestments belonging to the bishopric of Astorga. This peculiar situation can be explained by the confluence of different ecclesiastical jurisdictions in the term of the council. Should be noted in this case how a marriage from another collation took over the building of a church, possibly as an investment to capture some of the tithes or revenues of the right of patronage.

We

other scattered reports concerning other churches built or documented in this period: Santa Maria de Ventosa, erected in the collation of the same name on the outskirts of the town, appears as a property belonging to the church of Compostela in 1178. The church of Santiago, located in the vicinity of the castle, was founded in 1217 by the Commander of the Order of Santiago Don Juan Massoc. The most important church in the village, Santa Maria del Quicksilver, we have no information about its construction or dedication, but is stylistically contemporary Romanesque San Juan del Mercado, if not built under the same initiative. The temple was already in use in 1230 as evidenced by a scroll Oviedo Cathedral. San Miguel, located very near the church of San Salvador, had to be one of the oldest temples in the village. In 1184 and was built and was the center of the collation of the same name. San Andrés, built as above on the bottom, at the foot of the hill, known since 1221 to get their property near several wineries Carracedo Monastery. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was to "own" the monastery of Eslonza; in 1188 is already news of its existence. Santa Maria Renew or "Rua Nova, mentioned in a document Moreruela monastery in 1278, has been considered until now as a paradigm of urban expansion in the second half of the thirteenth century. However, construction should be delayed many years, it is among the assets of the bishop of Astorga table in 1228. You obviously have to include within this general context of settlement inhabitants and formation of new districts or snacks.

As we see the construction and equipping of churches is the most significant aspect of the evolution of urban plan within the period we intend to analyze. Even being very optimistic about the total population of the town in recent years, the number of temples is documented strikingly high, eleven in total. This suggests that the number of patrons for each church would not be very large, but also allows us to draw further conclusions of interest. The main one is that the maximum extension of urban level had already reached between the late twelfth and early thirteenth century.

The new towns made after not accounted for both an expansion of this first enclosure defined by the wall. The settlement of newcomers in the second half of the thirteenth century as a result of other initiatives were settlers at the expense of undeveloped or uninhabited spaces between each of the villages, or taking advantage of the areas occupied by orchards, pastures, or were farmland within collation.
Images: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Several details of the south portal of the church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente (XII-XIII centuries) [Photos Rafael González].
See also the following article available in PDF Description: R. GONZ Á LEZ Í RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUEZ, "Origin and formation n or a villa or n. repoblaci Benavente during the reign of Ferdinand II and Alfonso IX", Studia Hist or rich. Medieval Studia, 15 (1997), pp. 105-138. .

Blogs On Vacuuming Frieze Carpet

little stretch and wrong way - A brief history of Bretocino

Chronica Minora

Bretocino The site is located on a hill on the right bank Esla, very close to its confluence with the Tera, 710 m. on sea level. From here, the river begins to fit into the Paleozoic basement, passing almost the case until its confluence with the Douro and leaving in its margins, in some places, several levels of terrace. The township is bounded on the north by the Olmillos de Valverde and Milles of gunpowder, to the east with Bret and south by Faramontanos of Tabara.

The archaeological remains found at the end of Bretocino testify human presence in the Lower Paleolithic. Composed of lithic bifaces, trihedral, cleavers, cut edges, scrapers, and others have been found in the payment of "The Head", "Corrales", "Rozada" and "criminal", belonging to the so-called Acheulean culture. Similar industries are found in Santa Marta de Tera, Villabrázaro and Benavente.

Regardless of other later prehistoric occupation, the territory gained notoriety in Roman times, being close to Praetorium (Ominous identified with Bret), one of the mansions of the road from Merida to Astorga, later known as Via Plate. Indeed, at this time are documented several archaeological sites. In "The Nogales have been taken up various circulars and hand mills" round brick. " In "Los Collados" on the right side of the road from Bretocino Olmillos Valverde leads have been found tegulae Type "decadent" in the words of Virgil Sevillano.

Focusing on more recent times, in which there is now a documentary record, the origin of the current population center refers to the process of early medieval settlement. In the sources there are references to place names as Bret, straps, Breto Major and Minor Breto, which show la vinculación tradicional de ambas localidades, a pesar de la separación física que podía suponer el río Esla. No obstante, esta circunstancia quedaba solventada, quizás, por la existencia de un vado en el cauce, utilizado desde tiempo inmemorial, como paso de ganados y personas. La sabiduría popular ha perpetuado las dificultades de comunicación entre las dos localidades hermanas con el célebre dicho: "De Bretó a Bretocino, poco trecho y mal camino".

En 951 se menciona en un documento del monasterio de Sahagún la vía “de Breto que vadit a Morerola”. Una de las primeras menciones a ambas localidades la encontramos in the charter granted by Alfonso VII in 1129 to the town of Castrotorafe, which include Breto and straps as the new boundaries of the district council. Wamba Division, spoof of the late eleventh or early twelfth century, says Bret as one of the limits of the diocese of Zamora. Depending on the version offered by the Chronicle of Alfonso X El Sabio: "Ell bishopric of Numancia, this is Camora, Penna has the fasta Gusendo Tormes or are the banner of King Val yazen sobrel, et dalli fasta in Douro, e Prima fasta Villalal Oter of assi as ua about fasta Breto Rio Seco, and the fasta Tauara in Duero. "

early thirteenth century figure Bretocino as a place where the Kings of Leon have a variety of royal estates, goods that end up joining the monastery Moreruela heritage. Thus, in 1214 Alfonso IX notify councils and mayors Villafáfila Benavente and donating to the monastery all you have in your royal inheritance of Bretocino and Villafáfila. This privilege would be confirmed by subsequent monarchs. The interest of the Cistercian abbey here is explained by the existence of an important set of mills on the banks of Esla, which extended the terms of Bret and Bretocino.

In the thirteenth century the monastery was doing with different rights property through purchase or donation of the same individuals. In 1243 a total of ten heirs to the monks sold their share in the dam of the mill "Peniellas" in Bretocino. As a result of the rising use of the Cistercian Order in the town, established a monastic farm, similar to many others that owned the monastery in his dominions in the north of Zamora, from which was given its inherent wealth and income. This farm is documented at least since 1222, when given in prestimonio the dean of Astorga, Pedro Suero.

From the administrative standpoint, Bretocino was in the Middle Ages a village belonging the administrative district of the Council of Benavente, integrated in the Riba de Tera Merindad, as shown, for example, in the minutes of the council of 1434. A year earlier, the establishment of its contribution to the Royal Order, which is fi xed on the amount of 980 mrs. This amount represents one of the largest paid by the residents of the villages of that merindad, just below the sites of Santa Croy and Melgar, which gives us an idea of \u200b\u200bits population and economic strength in the context of the district benaventano.

establishing

In 1398 Benavente County through the donation made by the King Henry III to Portuguese nobleman Don Juan Alfonso Pimentel. Thus, Bretocino is integrated into the realms of greatness. During the fifteenth century, the boat on Esla will become a source of frequent disputes between the monastery and the council Moreruela Benavente.
The existence of privately owned boats was, without doubt, a constant threat to the exploitation of rights Concejil main bridge over the region: Castrogonzalo bridge. Moreover, as this is a bridge that required substantial resources, given its continuing reconstruction and repair, municipal authorities could not afford to withstand competition from these vessels extraconcejiles.

Bretocino The boat had a particular interest for the monastery because, as noted above, in the vicinity were an important group of mills, fisheries and the Priory of hole. In the fourteenth century and there is evidence of the existence of a boat at this place, which should control the monastery, although the inheritance of his property were delivered to the bishop of Astorga prestimonio.

In 1434 the chapter held by the monks in his monastery approved the exchange of a field that was the convent of Yuso Ferreras, Manzanal ally, Folgoso, Walnut and the meadows of Santa Cruz, in exchange for 15,000 mrs. to swear, of 26,000 mrs. I had the Count of Benavente, located in the sales tax Zamora wine and the boat Bretocino. A few days later, Count Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel license granted to the Council of Benavente to hand over the monastery's boat Bretocino Moreruela, prohibiting the council to other vessels from the terms of miles up the channel Carrizal Dam. It also allowed the vassals of the count go to the mills grind del Hoyo, graze their animals, cut grass, remove stone from the quarry to repair the mills and fisheries and, ultimately, free to sell the fish caught.

During the sixteenth century, Bretocino remains a place of passage, on the road leading from Villafáfila Benavente, just Hernando Colon as revealed in his "cosmography of Spain (1517-1519): Villafafila is in the land of fields and is village of five hundred inhabitants and is on the flat and has a salt and wood is poor, is Don Pedro Pimentel and Benavente fasta ay four leagues and leagues are on Brete two and half and by half a league bretoçino.

benaventano As a village of the district, Bretocino should also contribute in those works of general interest to the community. One of them was the repair of Benavente walls. Works consisting of mud walls up in the areas of the fence were in poor condition or had been demolished. So in 1655, within the context of the war with Portugal, which eventually end with the independence of the neighboring country in 1668, there was a job to provide all villages and places of the council. To each was assigned a sector of the wall. In particular, it corresponded to our town: "six walls of the two frames and the stonework rrecivimentos ssal the Puerta de Santa Cruz on the left."

This document has its interest also because this time Bretocino figure included within the Merindad of Valverde, and not in the Tera Merindad, as reflected in the divisions of the XV century. In the same Merindad Valverde continue in the eighteenth century, as reflected in the list of places and villages that offer Berdum de Espinosa, in his "Rights of the Counts of Benavente to the greatness of first class", published in Madrid in 1753, fol. 54.

During the nineteenth century various geographical and historical dictionaries offer prints of various English cities. Sebastian Bedoya Miñano and in his "Gazetteer, Statistics of Spain and Portugal", in relation to Bretocino includes the following:

"Bretocino, LS Esp, Valladolid, part. De Benavente, bishop. In Astorga. AP, 58 vec., 232 inhabitants, 1 para., 1 tank. Sit. in rolling hills that dominate a plain, watered by the river Esla, with his confl uence with Tera. Produces wheat, rye and legumes. Rs 949 Cont. 8 mrs. Derec. Enagas. 544 rs. "

For its part, Pascual Madoz, in his famous Dictionary, offers an interesting description of the situation in our town in the mid-nineteenth century:

" Bretocino. City to City Hall in the province of Zamora (9 miles) BENAVENTE judicial district of (1 1 / 2), Diocese of Astorga (11), regional court and captain general of Valladolid (16): situated on a plain just 100 steps from the river Órbigo, with free ventilation and healthy climate. Has 42 single-story houses, very small and not very neat your front yard each; parish church (St. Paul), served by a priest, which is adjacent to the cemetery and two permanent water sources, but unused. Na Confi Olmillos North, East Bret, Sur la Dehesa called Las Mangas, and West Friesen, all at 1 / 2 hour away. The land is of good quality and all plain. At 200 paces south of town, is directed meadow of Las Mangas owned by the Count of Benavente.
* This text was written in collaboration with José Ignacio Martín Benito. It is part, with some variations Handbook historical submitted for the proposed shield and flag Bretocino.
Images: 1. Shield Bretocino 2. Overview of the town from the river [Photo courtesy of F. Gallego] 3. Parish Church [Photo courtesy of F. Gallego, 4. Esla river from the modern bridge [Photo courtesy of F. Gallego], 5. Main entrance of the church [Photo R. González] and 6. Entrance to the cemetery [Photo. R. González].