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old scraps of parchment - El Beato de Osma and Carracedo Monastery

Chronica Minora

The call Beato de Osma is a valuable codex that includes the famous Apocalypse Comments traditionally attributed to the priest Beatus of Liebana. Is kept in the Cathedral and Diocesan Museum of Burgo de Osma, installed in units of the environment of the cloister. It is undoubtedly the crown jewel of the cathedral.

book measurements are 360 \u200b\u200bx 255 mm. It consists of 166 folios written in two columns Visigothic letter of 43 lines. 71 preserved miniatures, among which the most widely used internationally representation is the famous double-page world map in folios 34v-35r.

In order to illustrate the geographic dispersion of the apostles throughout the ecumene , or known world in antiquity, was included in the Blessed a world map derived in large part on the cartogram Isidorian. It showed the sortes apostolorum or where the disciples of Jesus had preached. That contained in the codex of Osma is one of the most complete in existence. Its form is circular, with a Paradise watered by four rivers and the bust-portrait of the twelve apostles. Each is seated about his alleged place of evangelization, accompanied by an identifying label.
The geography of the Iberian Peninsula is particularly detailed in the region of "GALLECIA" is reminiscent of ancient Roman province or district of the High Middle Ages "Gallaecia." The figure of St. James the Great, "S. Iacobs aps." Sits on a shrine in the vicinity of what is meant is the lighthouse of La Coruña, "Faro." The rivers Miño, "F. Minneus" and Duero, "F. Durius" and the territory of Asturias, "ASTURIAS" are other spatial reference.

The manuscript appears to be the work of many hands. In folio 138V. true cleric endorses Peter: "Memento mei Petrus clericus scripsit" , while in folio 163, under the omega end, appears a certain Martin and Martino: "Martini peccatoris mementote" . The latter character has been identified with the illuminator, but without much substance. The data is entered in the folio 10v. "In Nomine Jesu Nostri DOMINI CHRISTI INCIPIT LIBER APOCALIPSIN QUOD INTERPRETATUR revelatio CHRISTI. MCXXIIII ERA" (year 1086).
Our Blessed belongs to the so-called Family I of the textual tradition, as with other texts related to it as the Blessed Lorvão-dated it in 1189 - or two pages of a Worshipper of the second half of the twelfth century preserved in the Archivo Histórico Provincial de León.
on the production site and the whereabouts earlier this unique c or says there are many speculations. In the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century was already in Osma, as in an inventory of books and documents of this mentioned time "about an apocalypse ystorias ecclesiastical and Toledo." Similarly, in the back of our manuscript folio 165, there is an endorsement letter of the second half of the thirteenth century: "est Apochalipsis Oxomensi cabinet. If furatus fuerit quis eum vel alio sine mode licentia conventus extraverit eo vel hc. deleverit totum anathema sit. "

From Shailor studies has recently proposed the scriptorium of the monastery of Santos Facundo and Primitivo de Sahagún as the person responsible for writing and illuminating: "Today, however, it is clear that physical format, writing and ornamentation pointing incontrovertibly to the Leonese monastery of Sahagún as a place of origin. " This award has also been assumed, with some qualifications, by John Williams, JA Fernández and Joaquín Flórez Yarza Luaces.
However, on folio 165r. we come to the contents of two documents directly related to the monastery of Carracedo. On the one hand, the final fragment of a Bull of Innocent III dated to November 22, 1203. In addition, a letter, undated, Don Lope, bishop of Astorga (1190-1205), addressed to the abbot and monks of the monastery: "Ecclesie episcopo Astoricensis filiis Abbati dearest in Christo et fratribus of Carrazeto ." Both diplomas are related to the subject of the enforcement berciano monastery of the Cistercian order and are listed in the "Cartulary of Carracedo. Carracedo
during the second half of the twelfth century had become head of a congregation with many subsidiaries in Leon, Galicia, Asturias and Zamora. By 1203 this congregation credited to the French order of Citeaux through Citeaux, changing old habits blacks by whites Cistercian Benedictines, and changing its former name of San Salvador to Santa Maria de Carracedo. This momentum is conserved well documented, including several letters of Innocent III dated 1203. The first of the texts copied into the Beato de Osma is part of a much broader diploma originally and included the confirmation of all the possessions of the monastery.

From the presence of these letters is assumed by some authors, such as Ramsay and Neuss, his clothing in the monastery on the banks of the Cua. However, there are several serious drawbacks arising from a historical hypothesis. The monastery of San Salvador Carracedo, founded by Bermudo II around the year 990, soon lost strength after the death of the king and went through a period of almost total obscurity until its revival in 1138 by Alfonso VII and his sister Dona Sancha. All this is a faithful witness registration documents or Index Cartulario of Carracedo. These details appear to have been taken into account by scholars of the codex. The last known donation
the monastery is 995, and thereafter are very rare mentions in the documentation of the time. Yepes, 1030 quoted a diploma indicating their survival, but all indications are that the monastic life had either disappeared or languished. In 1094 some estates in Corullón we identify with "Carrazedo term," a diploma from the Cathedral of Astorga.

As has been shown José Antonio Balboa de Paz and Manuel Carriedo Tejedo other contemporary documents simply mention the existence here of a villa , without any allusion to the community of monks. Nor is there reliable information about possible or assumed abbots, with no more than speculation regard.
The truth is that news of the cloister berciano fade between 1040 (date of last known donation for San Salvador), and the year 1130 (when he mentioned the Infant of Carracedo). Between those dates a mention in 1126 Carracedo us acting civil authority, "Petro Garcia, Carrazeto tenens."
On the diploma of 1040 is not complete security, because today is not preserved and only managed to gloss Yepes content in the seventeenth century. This is a grant by the bishop of Astorga Sampiro Sorribas villa in which quoted an abbot named Esteban. In 1130 on the occasion of the delivery by Alfonso VII of the church of Santiago in the town of Cacabelos, confirms, inter alia, Dona Sancha infantis: "Ego infantissa domna Sancia ... et quicquid confirm in prefata villa habe post partem of infantatico of Carracedo. This news is older, in any case, the transfer of the monks of Santa Marina de Valverde to San Salvador de Carracedo, in front of Florencio Abad, under the patronage of Alfonso VII, we know for a diploma dated 17 October 1138.

In such circumstances it is a remote possibility that this place could have been composed in 1086 a manuscript the scale and quality of today preserved in Burgo de Osma.
Another thing are the reasons that those writings were incorporated into the Blessed El Burgo de Osma. In the description of the manuscript made in 1929 by Timothy Red Orcajo had already noted that the sheet 165 was placed as a guardian of the manuscript, ie, not organically belong to none of the booklets.
If we compared the texts of the folio 165r, with appropriate documentation of the "Cartulary of Carracedo" it is clear that this is an incomplete copy made dates close to 1203 and therefore would lack at least two pages or one more. Everything indicates that the folio is question was reused as a guard, before ripping a bifolia and a booklet with more pages.
From these premises, the possibilities multiply. It may be a simple "old parchment, one of many, reused in any rebinding of the manuscript in Osma or elsewhere. But can not be excluded completely stay on the shelves of the library Carracedo from mid-twelfth century.
could have been purchased then the newly refurbished Abbey, or have washed up here from any of the affiliated monasteries of his order, several of them with a known history in the second half of the eleventh century. Another possibility is that he was on temporary loan to make a copy. In fact, the Blessed Lorvão seems like a copy of the codex of Burgo de Osma, or both texts come from the same archetype. Similarly, the two loose folios from a Beatus Astorga, now in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon, have anything to do with iconography and codicological copies of Osma and Lorvão.

When Ambrosio de Morales visited the library in the sixteenth century Carracedo warned that much of its old issues had been alienated: "Books have been many, and given to old parchment hanle: there are still these: Sancti Paterii Opus: ex operibus D. Gregorii. Berengarius in Apocalypsim. A very good saints, which is after Paul Deacon's History Merida, and the Works of Valerio, who was abbot there in the Vierzo, shortly after the downfall of Spain, and Oviedo as stated above there was also its works. "
What is certain is that in the second half of the thirteenth century and belonged to our Blessed chapter Burgo de Osma, as seen in the text copied to the return of the same folio 165. We also know that the cathedral de Osma acquired several manuscripts from the Abbey of Santa Maria Navarrese Fitero.
In any case, the cathedral would be interested in purchasing a beat, the work of a renowned author expressly dedicated to his bishop, Eterio de Osma, all though this time the letter was already fully Visigothic obsolete. Proof of this is the description attached to the first folio of the codex: " or n Explanation of the Apocalypse by several authors. This exhibition is or No S. Beatus of Li é bana, abbot of Li é bana (Cantabria) famous for having fought together with Eterio, disc í S. polish Beato, Bishop of Osma, errors F é lix (Bishop of Urgel was convinced of error or died in 818) and Elipando (archbishop of Toledo, who died in stubborn or 808).

Images: 1. World Map [fol. 34v.-35r] 2. Details World Map with the description of "GALLECIA" 3. The woman and the dragon [fol. 117V.] 4. Diplomas de Carracedo copied on folio 165r., 5. Carracedo chapter house and 6. home west of the church of the monastery.

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Proceedings of the "Convent" - The Priory of San Salvador de Villaverde

Chronicle

Desolation Valley Vidriales

one of the northern territories of interest Zamora awake to the knowledge of the medieval settlement. In Roman history known, and probably, Visigoths, add an interesting episode about early medieval monasteries of Haggai and Castroferrol.
This article aims to provide an approximation of a small monastery nestled in the heart of this valley. This is the monastery of San Salvador de Villaverde de Vidriales. A foundation is almost forgotten today, but it certainly has a turbulent history and evocative. Its domain assets
should not exceed more than occasionally the contours of this narrow valley, Zamora. However, major institutions such as Monastery Sahagun, the French Cluny, or representatives of the most exalted lineage of the kingdom, as Pimentel, fix your attention on this small place of worship.

Unlike other monasteries disappeared in ancient times, its location offers no doubt, having maintained its activity practically until the twentieth century and still preserves the ruins of his small church and as a significant part of its dependencies.

Payment is in the middle of the fields that separate Santibáñez Vidriales and San Pedro de la Viña, in terms of the latter people, being known by locals as "The Convent." The site describes a gentle slope to meet with the stream of La Almucera, collector main river course of the entire region, with the bottom Carpurias Mountains dominate the skyline. Is roughly in the center of the valley, near the old Roman camp Petavonium in Rosinos of Vidriales. Would be located, therefore, beside the Roman road that linked Asturica Bracara Augusta Augusta, a road that during middle age would maintain some of its former vitality as a communications hub and route of the pilgrimage.

are not known with certainty what are the origins of this monastery. Its first mention comes from a diploma of the funds of the monastery of Sahagún 1100. By then, the monastery is now under the control of Alfonso VI, but the paper reports that had previously belonged to Count Munio Fernández, maybe its founder, with his known history back as much as the second half of the eleventh century .

The foundation was to be made on an old existing villa or farm known as the Villa Verde. It seems clear from the beginning the maintenance of the site was linked to the exploitation of this town, which was "do not know if even from a top-quota dependent peasants.

In this document the year 1100, Alfonso VI tells how to enjoy the possession of the monastery Munio Count Fernández, passed into the hands of the king, according to the custom of the kingdom because of the "arrogance" of the count, he did suffer exile. Should be therefore a very to use seizure at the time, the result of the so-called royal wrath. Fernández Munio not be confused with the eponymous tycoon regular diplomas in the late Leon X, and immersed in rebellion against the monarchy, in this case against the person of Vermudo II. The Munio Fernandez before us must have been a minor noble, he has left a scant paper trail. Gomez was married Aldonza, daughter of Count Gomez Diaz and Teresa Peláez, and sister of Elvira and Mayor Gomez, who also called his tombstone cometissa. Know of this marriage a daughter, Elvira Muniz.

Later, the king gave the monastery to his wife, Queen Bertha, which dealt with administration. But the queen died and buried in the monastery of Sahagun, the king gave it to the great Benedictine monastery, with whom he joined a close connection. The donation also included a provision on the solemn obligation of the new owners to provide thirteen poor resources to keep perpetually alive the memory of Alfonso VI and his late wife. Died

King, Countess Dona Aldonza, widow of Count Munio, claimed their rights over the small monastery of Queen Urraca. The queen, at the request of the Bishop of Leon had to act as mediator, acknowledged that his predecessor had been misinformed and considering legitimate their claims, returned the possession date not materialized. Shortly thereafter, in 1112, the Countess decided to deliver it, with all its rights and possessions to the monastery of Cluny and its abbot Pontius. Given the close ties between Cluny and Sahagun in the late eleventh century y principios del siglo XII, esta donación tiene más bien la apariencia de un compromiso que satisfaría a todas las partes implicadas en el asunto.

Con el tiempo Villaverde volvió de nuevo al control efectivo del monasterio de Sahagún, aunque no se cuenta con información sobre cuándo ni cómo. Es entonces cuando el cenobio debió adquirir la condición de priorato, uno más de la larga lista de filiaciones con que contaba el cenobio de la ribera del Cea. En cualquier caso, la vinculación entre Villaverde y Cluny debió mantenerse de alguna forma, bien fuera de una manera órganica o puramente nominal, pues incluso en el siglo XVI se sigue denominado the diplomas as San Salvador de Villaverde de Cluny.

Since the early fifteenth century monastery of San Salvador de Vidriales begins to enter the orbit of Pimentel. Initially, relations were limited to agreements or property transactions. For example, two parts of the priory: Valleluengo Sandín and are subject to change between the prior of Villaverde, Juan de Calzada and Don Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, II Conde de Benavente, formalized on March 26, 1428. In return, the monastery received an inheritance of five yugadas in Bercianos of Vidriales, a village in the jurisdiction of Benavente, which were obtained 35 loads of bread. Escalona

attributed to Don Rodrigo Pimentel, Count of Benavente by Sahagun delivery of the parcel of the priory, justifying it in the "troubles of Castile." According to him "this guy got up with him and their properties and rights that were quite remarkable." Isabel Rodrigo Beceiro assumed that this must correspond to the second holder of the county: Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, and not with the same name as the room could be implied, since this parcel is one of the assets of the third Earl Alfonso Pimentel. The rights of the priory included at this time "the padronadgo to present the benefits of e Minçereces Aguilar and Olmillos and Santa Marina Santisteuan Xamontes e Olmos who are in the diocese Astorga and other ecclesiastical revenues and benefits and always touo apresentar right to them. "

Allegations of abuses and usurpations prompted the beginning of a long dispute at the request of the monastery of Sahagún unleashed from 1478. The consequences of this process gave a totally new direction to the destination of the small priory.

is 1510 when Pope Julius II appointed prior to Juan Pimentel, who also enjoyed the parcel. Your name betrays its relatedness to the county family, apparently a nephew of Count V. This noble little priory took possession of the May 3, 1510 by Gonzalo de Magaz cleric, legal representative.

few days later, on May 8 of that year, Juan Pimentel himself, endorsing the office in a ceremony held at the monastery of Nogales. However, the monastery of Sahagún not give up and continued litigating against the Roman curia to defend their rights.

But in 1525 there was a decisive turning point which finally chose the subject to county interests. On that date Pope Clement VII Villaverde annexing the Priory of the Hospital de la Piedad de Benavente, recently founded by the V Conde, Alfonso Pimentel and his wife Anne of Hererra and Velasco. As evidenced by the papal document on Count V succeeded his relative, Juan Pimentel, that would make waiver of the parcel of it in the hands of Pope Clement VII and this in turn, by appeal of the Earl, sent him to add to Mercy Hospital. This union carried with it the obligation to maintain in the priory church two monks or secular priests to attend worship and daily Masses.

Sahagún protests just got to shake the line marked by Rome. Finally in 1544 the Roman curia to pronounce sentence in condemning the monastery of Sahagún to perpetual silence, and declared valid annexations. The monastery Leon was forced to pay 60 ducats and 4 gold florins by way of costs of prosecution. For its part, the hospital paid every fifteen years, in compensation for such aggregation, the contributions for the Holy See. Calf Book of Mercy Hospital of Benavente recorded in its accounts the entries for these expenditures. In the eighteenth century the lump sum, called quindenios, amounted to 2000 real, more real 460 in collection expenses and travel.

The history of San Salvador de Villaverde runs parallel since the Mercy Hospital. During the following centuries the priory continued to expand its assets in the valley of Vidriales. In the eighteenth century spread their income by Jamont places, Micereces, Valdez, Requejo of gunpowder, Vecilla, Mozar, Burgaña, Olmillos, Navianos, Aguilar, Abraveses, SITRAME, Hills, Granucillo, Granucillino, Cunquilla, Bercianos, Tardemázar, Santibanez of Vidriales, Calzada, Nail and Letrillas .

However, life was languishing in the small religious center. In 1752, mentioned the two chaplains who perform their duties in the House of the Priory ": Pedro Mateos and Jose Castillo. A mid-nineteenth century Madoz indicates briefly that he exercised the functions only two priests appointed by the Count of Benavente. This activity, almost vegetative, came holding up well into the twentieth century. The two religious

lived here with the only requirement to meet their religious obligations, mainly masses, following ancient tradition regulated by the Counts of Benavente. Also officiating religious services occasionally required by the locals. The activity should definitely be extinguished when the Hospital de la Piedad de Benavente became a retirement home, but the foundation that manages the property still retains ownership of the farm that is the Priory.
Images: 1. View house priory with a broken sarcophagus in the foreground, 2. Chapel 3. Main facade of the priory house, 4. Patio and auxiliary facilities 5. Interior of the chapel and 6. View of San Pedro de la Viña.