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The brave and courageous knight master Francisco de Villagra - Around a burial of San Juan del Mercado

Chronica Minora

The chapel of the church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente has your flooring dotted tombstone, last resting relevant people regarding the history of the temple, Commendation of the Order of the Hospital or illustrious sons of the town. Not appear to correspond with all original burials. By contrast, the aspect that follows shows that there have been several rearrangements of burial spaces. Some of these plaques has been partially mutilated to fit the dimensions of the others, probably after moving from another location. The last documented burial is that of the Bishop of Salamanca and Plasencia, Angel Lopez Ditches (1870-1924). The burial for the transfer of his remains in 1942 from Salamanca on the initiative of the City of Benavente.

This article is going to stop in gloss of these awards, particularly the one in third place to the right of the bishop benaventano. His condition is quite acceptable because, despite signs of wear Transit own parishioners, reading no difficulties.

The caption, written in capitals in the second half of the sixteenth century, is divided into two parts separated by a large central crest. The first six lines present a larger font and a loose matching the epigraphic field, while the following eleven are more variegated and have a font size much smaller. Add up to seventeen lines. Separation between words is done by simple interpunción. The central shield is bordered with pearls and corresponds to the promoter of the grave: Luis Rengifo, whose initials (LR) flanking the heraldic emblem. Traditional weapons name displayed on the first of the barracks in a field of gold a lion azure, silver bordure and eight blades of the same color. Reading, once developed, abbreviations, is:

IN THIS CHAPEL ARE

SEPVLTADOS THE NOBLE KNIGHTS

MVY

Toribio de Carbajal

AND FRAY SARIA Scots

COMMANDER OF RVBIALES

QVE THE

ENPEÇARON HEDIFI

AND FINISHING

CAR AND MEMORY

SV

THE DON Manifa

LVIS RENGIFO COMENDA

DOR DESTA ENCOMIENDA

CIVDAD

RODRIGO AND CONTROL

PUT THIS PIE

DRA AS LORD AND CHAPEL DESTA

Yglesias

Of the people mentioned in the text, both Luis Rengifo and Fray Toribio de Carbajal can be placed chronologically without too much difficulty. Luis Rengifo is presented as Commander of the Order of St. John in Benavente and Ciudad Rodrigo. We know that a character of that name went to the provincial chapter of Fuentelapeña held on July 29, 1530. Similarly, in a letter from Felipe II to the Bishop of Orense dated in 1569 mentions Luis Rengifo Engono with the position of Lieutenant of the Priors of the Order of San Juan. Regarding
Fray Toribio de Carbajal, commander of Rubiales, his figure is closely linked to the construction of San Juan del Mercado. A Gothic inscription engraved on the first pillar southwest of the church credited with building several pillars, probably of all decks and the roof of the main altar. The text identifies him as commander of Benavente, Vidayanes and Almazan, but perhaps in the name of the latter town lapicida error exists, because in the service of a document of the monastery of Nogales in 1468 is cited as commander Order of St. John in Benavente and Vidayanes, and master of Arrabalde. In 1487 the royal chancery of issuing a warrant sobrecarta Juan Maldonado, to make real execution of the commander Fray Toribio de Carvajal in the amount of which is still indebted to Juan González de Saldaña, a resident of Tordesillas, because of lease parcels Rioseco, Villela and San Juan del Camino belonging to the de Benavente. In 1489, Fray Toribio de Carvajal, commander of Benavente and Baylie de Olmos, leased to Peter Lake and Fray Diego Coronel the above parcels.

Increased interest awakens the third of our characters, Frey Alvaro de Sarria, not so much for himself but for the relevance of one of its descendants. Sarria was provided with the task of Benavente by the Grand Master of Rhodes. In 1510 would pass through difficulties the enjoyment of their income, as a royal commands Francisco Manrique, commander of Cerecinos and does not disturb the possession of his parcel. From various sources, some of which are cited below, we can make this Álvaro de Sarria father of the conqueror and governor of Chile Francisco de Villagra.
Francico de Villagra is considered one of the leading figures of the conquest and colonization of Chile. or arrived to Chile when Pedro de Valdivia ordered the conquest of that region or n. Was present at the Foundation or of Santiago in 1541, took various positions or in the government of the city, and defend toc or Michimalonco chief's assault in September of that to ñ o. He was governor of that land three times (1547-49, 1553-57 and 1561-63) and led several military companies aimed at exploring the territory and the increase in its jurisdiction.
of the trust placed in him by Pedro de Valdivia was reported in a letter in 1547 to the Emperor: "All í í Prove to Captain Francisco de Villagra n to , my teacher in the field, because you have Í a true servant and vassal by VM and jealous of his guilty ces to service, my lieutenant general, to be mindful of the guard, or ny pacificaci sustentaci or n the cities of Santiago and Serena and vassals of Your Majesty. "
catalog in the Indian Passenger Villagrá was recorded in 1537 en route to Peru, the son of Commander Ruy Dials and Ana de Villagra, neighbors Santervás de Campos (Valladolid). However, this information seems not accurate.
Section Military Order of the National Historical Archives preserves the record of the proofs presented by Villagrá in 1559 to obtain the habit of a Knight of Santiago. Some of the testimonies are contradictory, but overall very enlightening news show on the history of this character before joining Indies.
We know well that, indeed, Villagrá natural son of the said Alvaro de Sarria and Ana de Villagra. Most likely the existing obscurantism about his origins is due to the unorthodox sitiuación of their parents, as "when said Alvaro de Sarria had at the Francisco de Villagra was already in the habit of Saint Joan and said Ana de Villagra was single ". The fact of having taken his mother's surname should also contribute to confusion. The testimony of various witnesses questioned in the proofs insist that the future conqueror of Chile served in his youth the Marquis of Astorga and Count of Benavente, and was on the Day of Tunisia, 1535, fighting Barbarossa.

the absence of genealogy presented to the Council, Mr. Cisneros presented a letter giving notice of the ancestors of the claimant, reporting on the quality and the blood:

"The Marshal Francisco de Villagra, governor of the province of Chile he says your highness grant him the habit of the Order of Santiago and cedula Paresce the presents and pleads with him VA I ordered the necessary steps were necessary to the depositary. And for the record the nobility of his lineage, he says that he is the son of Alvaro de Sarria, commander of parcels Rubiales Villela and the Order of Santiago in the reign of Leo the qual forty years has died. And is the son of Ana de Villagra, natural and citizen of the town of San Jerba in the kingdom that the qual era when said Álvaro Donzella met her. And the commander said Alvaro de Sarria by more than seventy years aver that they say some who died was the son of a fellow Villacero and Leonor Gómez de Sarria his wife, were natural, citizen of the town of Villalpando. And others say that the said Alvaro de Sarria was the son of Antonio de Sarria, warden and governor of the said town of Villalpando and do not remember how he called his wife but first it is more certain, and that Ana de Villagra, mother of Francisco de Vilagran, daughter of Pedro de Villagra, commander of the Order of Santiago and Mudarra Ysabel, his wife, natives and residents of the village of San Gervasio. In a way that their parents probanza Francisco de Villagra and grandparents on her mother has to do in Sant Gerber and Villela Villalon two leagues and if anything more had been necessary in Villagra three leagues from San Gerber by the grandfather of Francisco de Villagra and is part of Sarra has to Hazer in Villalpando.

The chronicler Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo left us an interesting portrait of the character in his "History of Chile from discovery to the year 1575 ":

" was Francisco de Villagra to , when he died or , age of fifty-six to ñ os, Astorga natural son of a commander of the Order of Saint John, called Sarria. His father was not married, his mother was a principal of the name hidalgo to Villagra. Gobern or on behalf of Rey Don Felipe dos to ñ (...); and a half years was of medium height, round face, with much gravity and authority between blond beard, the color of the face sanguino; friend go well dressed and eating and drinking , enemy of the poor, was well cysts before that was governor, and bad cysts after s é it was. Quej to Banse d l é í hac am to s by their enemies because of atraellos as í than their friends, by whose observance dec í an enemy that was best for friend. It was vicious women and moh í not things of the war while living or was (...); friend of the little ten í a, Guardall; m to s was glad to receive me is that of giving. Muri or in the town of La Concepcion or n t 15 d as the month of July, one thousand and five hundred and sixty-three years ñ .

Alonso de Ercilla also gave him a Villagrá verses in "La Araucana"

Caudillo was and people's heads

Francisco Villagrán, a man had

by militia and wise enough,

with great diligence prevented;

Pedro de Valdivia was a lieutenant,

after him obeyed.

Images: 1. Church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente, 2. Tombstone of Francisco de Carbajal and Alvaro de Sarria [sixteenth century], 3. Interior of San Juan del Mercado 4. Portrait of Francisco de Villagra and 5. Valdivia, Villagra and Ovalle Alderete as [1616].

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Castroferrol - An early medieval monastic enclave in the valley of Tera

Chronica Minora

The purpose of this paper is to give some light on one of the oldest monasteries, yet least known, because of its ephemeral path- Zamora appeared in the north in the early medieval period. Although their existence is recognized by most authors who have dealt with one way or another the study of monasticism Leon, contradictions and misunderstandings have been obvious at the time to establish their location and determine their chronology. The fundamental cause of the confusion should be sought in the deficiencies inherent in the fragmentary documents preserved at the Cathedral of Astorga, the only source that provides first hand information about the monastery.

Yepes is the first author who deals with the subject, as with many of the monasteries in the region. In When establishing the list of foundations of the ancient kingdom of Leon Castro mentions a monastery Ferroni, on the banks of Tera, under the name of San Salvador. Provides no timeline or specific location, simply ruling that "it was the convent of monks and nuns", this is a monastery called rejoinder.

Flórez, in his famous tome XVI Sacred Spain, transmits the name of an abbess Benedicta here in 1006. His testimony has the benefit of having driven the medieval documents Asturicense before his disappearance. For the Augustinian scholar would be a community of nuns only.

We must wait until the prolific Augusto Quintana Prieto to obtain more specific. This author mentions both Castroferrol enclave as the monastery in several of his works, but it was an entry in the Dictionary of Church History in Spain where he drew a stark portrait of a monastery of San Miguel in Villaferrueña, which as we shall see later can identify with our monastery, but with a wrong location:

"Villaferrueña, San Miguel (Zamora, diocese of Astorga) Prebenedictino. The first known story dates back to 1006, you receive a gift of property. It emerged that a monastery was twofold. In 1015, the owner, Mary Chalíndez, which was donated by Bermudo II, gave to the diocese and its bishop of Astorga Jimenez (992-1028), marking the latest news that he has. Today is secular parish. "

However, reading carefully preserved diplomas concludes with clarity that this location could not be in any case Villaferrueña. The earliest references date back to mid-tenth century and not allude to any monastery. So in 962 Raup and his wife, Mansu, donate Sarracíniz Nuno and his wife, Gudigeva, a vineyard in the village of Kastro Ferronnio, Almucera riverside, who had bought to a certain Donelan, giving its terms. The mention of Almucera immediately discarded Villaferrueña option, since, as we know, this population is adjacent to Eria. The following year 963, contains a donation to the cathedral of Astorga made by Adric and his wife, Faquilo, together with their children throughout their inheritance in Castroferrol, corresponded with the few possessions, as well as their furniture, the whole half over the life of the donor and after his death entirely. Oma

IUVE In 1006, his son Veila and his wife, Gontrode, donate to the abbess and convent of Castroferronnio, which place the river Tera, all its properties and appliances, "... in anything dealing deceased honore est ecclesia vel et continentium fratrum sororum iugum et ibidem dominates Bendicta abbatissa portentibus fundatum sub monasterium qui est urbis Astor et locum predictum nominatum vocantem that dicitura nominibus Castroferronio, iuxta vel aquis flumina Teira appellant.

More explicit is a diploma in 1015 in which Mary and their children, and John Galindo Ciprianiz make donation site Castroferrol San Miguel Archangel, who dwell in there, monks and nuns, under subject of the bishop of Astorga. In this case, the villa is spatially referenced and Almucera Tera rivers: "... reconditae sunt in ipso loco, bocabulum Castroferronio Dicent quod villa, ribulose discurrente Teira et alia part Almuçara "

Based on these geographical constraints, the key to properly situate this monastery offers us the Madoz dictionary, which includes within the term of two Trasmonte Hills uninhabited: Pobladura of Trasmonte and Castroferrol. Today, in the collective memory of the residents of Hills has lost such a place name, although if there is instead a vague recollection about the existence of an ancient monastery.

Similarly

Madoz dictionary mentioned another wilderness under the name of San Miguel de Castro Ferrol in the village of Vidriales Quiruelas immediate, less it is the same site, perhaps shared by both populations.

definitely our monastery located near Trasmonte Hills, near rivers and Tera Almucera only provide it with a site is more accurate. Two possible alternatives seem to offer based on different evidence. On the one hand we must mention an archaeological site known as San Miguel in terms of the current municipality of Vidriales Quiruelas with a cultural award for the Copper Age and modern times, collected by Larra Left in the ratio of deposits of this sector of the valley Tera.

The another option, much better documented archaeologically, payment is known as San Juan-El Valle Trasmonte Hills. This is a Roman / medieval west of the village, on a small hill that leads to the terraces above the river Tera. Not really a fort, but there are some hills nearby which might well assume that denomination.

According to the testimony of several neighbors, collected by the archaeologists, the place was known by the oral tradition as a convent of San Juan, perhaps in reference to the parish church (San Juan Bautista) or any possession of the hospital order. The extension of irrigation to the vicinity led to an intervention archeology in 1993 that revealed two occupational moments. One low empire dating from Roman times to the late IV and V century, and superimposed on it another medieval period "could be related to a type of religious building, perhaps monastery or convent, in any case for plenomedievales moments, between XI and XIII centuries, according to findings ceramics. At about 200 m. southeast of the excavation area, were previously constructed two Roman tombs tegulae, a figure that appears to extend considerably the area of \u200b\u200boccupation.

Overlapping early medieval churches and monasteries previous settlements low empire from the Roman period, mainly villae, is a well known in historiography. While the examples we Camarzana near, The Piélago (Cimanes de la Vega), and perhaps Villaquejida Abraveses Tera (Virgen de la Encina) and Los Villares (Villanueva de Azoaque).

any case, the name of this place as Castroferrol, brings this place with a group of settlements are well known: the forts, fundamental parts of the organization and hierarchy of the settlement in the tenth, eleventh and early twelfth century . In many cases these demarcations sites where tenentes, merino and executioners officials exercising their jurisdiction as royal. As has been demonstrated in archeology, in most of the cases, these early medieval settlement of Iron Age structures superimposed on the past, even prehistoric. Located on hills, and most of them fortified, were also military centers, which played a defense of the surrounding territory, in which space there were several villages.

Within the territory of what was to become the administrative district council benaventano, there were several villages that deserved the name of forts. First we should mention, for his outstanding leadership post at the same Malgré-Benavente, mentioned since 1115 as Castro quod dicitura Malgrado. They are also identified other castrates mentioned intermittently in contemporary sources: Tera Camarzana, Castrogonzalo, Castropepe, Mozar, Socastro, Ventosa, and our Castroferrol. As shown, in general, are places relatively close together, so its area of \u200b\u200binfluence may not be very extensive.

From this initial reality, there was a monastery whose history goes back at least to the time of Bermudo II (985-999). Strategically located at the entrance to the valley of Vidriales in conjunction with the valley of Tera, must take the communication flows of the old Roman road linking Bracara Augusta Augusta Asturica through Petavonium, joining just near the Via de Sanabria, a natural way to back up the river by touching Tera Zamora valley to the southeast of Galicia, through ports Padornelo and La Canda.

Its evolution is very confusing to tell, as we have seen, with an extremely fragmented documentation and not entirely reliable in the transcript.

seems that Castroferrol village, where sat the monastery of San Miguel, was previously owned by a certain Hamed. At one point Bermudo II taken or seized from Galindo Congosto Enneguez the villa in El Bierzo. His daughter Mary asked the king to some compensation for what he considered an injustice, getting in return the town of Hamed in Castroferrol. Later, in 1015, Mary and their children and John Galindo Cipriániz made donations of this town, perhaps in gratitude, with all its properties to dwell in there, brothers and sisters, under the obedience of the bishop of Astorga.

The budget is quite substantial and detailed, including liturgical objects, vestments, books, and movable and immovable property and the family properties and Araduey Vidayanes. The magnitude of the gift, accompanied by a long and solemn documentary writing, suggests a foundation, or rather a reworking from a previous center, maybe the San Salvador de Castroferrol the document of 1006 which mentions a Benedicta Bendicta or an abbess.

Changing invocation is not an unusual event in monasticism Leon, also taking into account the many vicissitudes which used to spend such institutions. It should be noted also that the monasteries often had more than one of these titles, and within a few appear as main and other as secondary. For Castroferrol, San Miguel next to Santa Maria in the diploma of 1015, otherwise identical names to the next monastery Camarzana of Tera.

We are therefore faced with another of the many monasteries that arose in the north of Zamora in the early medieval period. His little paper trail does not allow more speculation about its future development. As happened with other more established foundations like Santa Marta de Tera, San Pedro de Zamudio, San Miguel de Camarzana or San Adrián del Valle, the monastery of San Miguel de Castroferrol also ended up joining the assets of the miter Astorgano made that had precipitated their extinction as a monastic institution.

Castroferrol, as a population center, again cited on occasion. By 1060 this place is mentioned as one of the villas and estates that fell into the hands of Diego Muñoz in the division of inheritances and Mrs. Fernandez Osorio Visclavara. In 1129 Castro Ferronnio is one of the highlights of monastic preserve Santa Marta de Tera, confirmed by Alfonso VII, as was established by his great-grandfather Ferdinand I. In 1170 Fernando II again to validate such limits through a privilege confirmation.

Images: 1. Trasmonte plane Hills, 2. Parish Church [Photo Luis Peral] 3. The Old Mill [Photo Luis Peral] 4. Parish Church [Photo Luis Peral] and 5. Bermudo II.