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high in place, healthy, and bathed by two rivers - a description of Benavente and his castle in an eighteenth century treatise

Chronica Minora

In the year 1764 is published in Santiago de Compostela, particularly in the printing of Ignacio Aguayo, the first volume of the work: Universal History of the mineral springs of Spain , sites that are, early showing, Analyses and virtues of its waters, and how to manage accidents occur that usually comes from their abuse, all drawn from observation and experience; description of the places of their situation, with a good portion of the term natural history of each people, and explanations of curiosities containing . The book is dedicated to the dean and chapter of the Church of Santiago.
Cover of

As its title indicates Baroque ambitious this is a treatise on the mineral springs in Spain. The author is a parent of hydrology English: Pedro Gómez de Bedoya and Paredes. His long record as a medical and teaching was reflected in the very title page of the book: Don Pedro Gomez Bedoya and Paredes, MD, Family Physician number of the King our Lord, Owner of Royal General Hospital, and Passion of the Court, Former Royal Browser Proto-medicate, Director, Secretary perpetual and original founder of the Royal Medical Society Congregation of Our Lady of Hope, and this first Doctor of the Hon. Mr. Dean and Chapter of the Holy Metropolitan Church of St. James, and Cathedrático of Surgery, and its famous University Anathomía .

In the eighteenth century the therapeutic use of mineral waters were widespread in Spain and in particular the Court. The belief that the hydrology could find a remedy to many of the ills of time led to apparent excesses. Earlier this century there was a controversy on the use of natural water as a universal panacea, there is plenty of documentation. The opinion of Gómez de Bedoya on the effectiveness of natural waters is very optimistic: "There is nothing in nature that comes closest to being universal remedy, that mineral waters, mainly on the evils long and rebels [... ] cure ailments such water promptly and happiness, without compromising the strength of the patient [...] can be administered to all sorts of people in all ages and seasons. "

The initial project was to inventory a total of 1,500 mineral sources, presented in alphabetical order in a total of six volumes. The first volume included the letters AB, while the second, published in 1765, ranged from C to F. For reasons unknown to the other four volumes did not leave the press, thus leaving most of unpublished materials. For fieldwork, Bedoya Gomez was assisted more than 3,000 informants from among physicians, surgeons and apothecaries in all towns and villages of the kingdom.
aware of the cumbersome and repetitive central issue, our author Season the analysis of each source with descriptions geográficas de las poblaciones, breves introducciones históricas, leyendas, anécdotas, y noticias curiosas sobre lugares y personas. Ese interés por hacer el texto ameno y llevadero es ya reconocido en la introducción al primer tomo: "Me ha parecido escribir en forma de conversación historial, porque así se hace más amena, y deleytosa la leyenda, y en que introduzco los personages propios, para aclarar los puntos, que en ella se ventilan".

La entrada dedicada a Benavente es particularmente interesante por sus notas históricas, y por incluir una descripción sui generis del castillo. Los datos sobre las fuentes de la villa y su comarca fueron proporcionados por Tomás Cabeza Castañón, "One of the most learned Professor, and excellent medical practitioner of the town of Benavente, and Pedro Merlo, trains Chimica and accredited Apothecary in it." Interestingly not reflected in the text today is the most famous of the town, the "Mineral Source on the Prairie" because its discovery came after the War of Independence. The report was supplemented with information from Francisco Vallejo, one of the doctors sent Gomez Bedoya expressly to visit the mineral springs of the kingdoms of Castilla and León. Vallejo, who is visiting the fortress-palace of the counts and realizes its most significant.

Portrait of Pedro Gomez Bedoya

draws the attention of Vallejo, as it did from other travelers and previous chroniclers, the use of shafts of columns and arches of jasper and porphyry. Also the existence of an elephant tusks acting as a monumental entrance to one of the rooms and their remains semidisecados in the entry courtyard. Also two entries are transcribed Romans then existing in the Garden of the counts. Reading is quite poor compared with the proposed Ledo Well some years later, but the original monuments have disappeared may be useful to refine some details.
But one of the most striking aspects of the description of the castle is the section dedicated to his chapel. Are reproduced here for epitaphs, among others, family members and Coco Osorio. No other author noticed before or after these graves, and alludes to the existence of funeral chapels. On the contrary, it is well known that since the fifteenth century as a family vault Pimentel chose the monastery of San Francisco of the town, and that both Osorio as Coco had its own burial spaces at several temples in the town.

Several indications suggest that, in reality, it is a confusion. Thus the grave the chapel next to the Gospel gives the following reading: "Here the noble Knight jace Rodrigo Alvarez Ossorio, Alvar Rodriguez Ossorio fixed. He died young man in the Real, the King Juan had on Lisbona: left two fixed" .

seems to refer the epitaph to John I, King of Castile (1379-1390). En1384 initiating the Luso-English war, to the claims of the Castilian king to control the neighboring kingdom after the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. In parallel, the master of Avis, Don Joao, was bringing together the discomfort and Portuguese opposition to Castilian king.

The Castilian monarch responded with a siege of Lisbon (1384), while the fleet blockaded the Tagus estuary. The siege lasted longer than expected, and with the arrival of summer fever raged among the contenders, so John I decided to lift the siege and withdraw its fleet. Shortly after hostilities resumed, and the August 15th 1385 the Spaniards suffer the crushing defeat of Aljubarrota, so the claim of John I to the Portuguese throne. The death of Rodrigo Alvarez Osorio should have occurred in the summer of 1484, in the months preceding the English defeat of Aljubarrota.

of the death of many Castilian knights at the siege of Lisbon aware Pero Lopez de Ayala: "While King Don Juan in real that was on Lisbona, pestilence and death was daily crescendo very strongly, and many who died with him, in a way that the day he died, the master of Sanctiago morieron fasta two months of the company of two thousand omes king of arms of the best rhenium, and many other people. "

The epitaph reproduced by Gomez Bedoya is essentially the same as existed at the funeral chapel of Osorio in the monastery of Santo Domingo de Benavente. Reading Mateos Almoina reproduced as follows: "Here lies the noble knight Rodrigo Alvarez Osorio . Boy died in the Royal King Don Juan was on Lisbon. "
Also the Coco had in the Dominican monastery with a family cemetery, located between Chapel Osorio, the cloister and dormitory of the convent. Peter Coco, ruler of the town and governor of its palaces, in his will made in 1487 he should be buried in the chapel, "I've built and new date and hedificado." In case of not fulfilling their wills Masses in his memory should be made at the monastery of San Francisco, where he had buried his father and grandfather. Therefore

can be concluded that there was a bad transmission of information between the informant and the editor, joining the description of the castle paragraphs in a broader context that included a visit to the monastery of Santo Domingo.
following is the passage devoted to Benavente:

"Don Thomas Cabeza Castillo, one of the most learned Professor, and excellent medical practitioner of the town of Benavente, and D. Pedro Merlo, skilled Chimica and accredited Apothecary in it, said Dr. Quinones, provided us with the news individual but sources close to the Village, the tests confirmed chymicas of all, work that was taken by the public benefit, and what they are entitled to all praise. We will take these relations, which amount to our History, which together with that he brought Mr. Francisco Vallejo, one of two doctors who order mine went to visit the mineral springs of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon, and who should be at this point all praise for his wisdom , and monitoring, will be enough to give a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthem. All agree, that the Villa de Benavente is located just ten miles from land Zamora Campos, high camp site, healthy, and bathed in Two Rivers. Its inhabitants are approaching 4000., With great nobility, seven parishes, which enters the Santa Maria, where is the famous Relox, six convents, three of Religious, two hospitals and a hospice for pilgrims. Its foundation is Greek, and Celtic, made 276. years before human redemption.

your floor is beautiful, and very abundant bread, wine, fish, meat, game and fruits, and very thick vegetation, and trees. Dominaronla the Romans conquered the Capitan haviendola Lucullus 127 years after its founding. It has the glory of being the famous Villa streets watered with the blood of four sons, who suffered martyrdom in it by faith Jesus Christ, and Saints are Procula, Domnina, Domicil, and Theodora. Weapons is a bridge, and over the image of Our Lady. Has had the same woes as other populations of Spain, sugetas to domination in so many people that about the destroyed, and others rebuilt. The latter became King D. Fernando de León year 1169. Almost always been in the title Lordship of the Duchy, and the Royals have had several people, until Henry III (and IV according to others) awarded her the great merits of D. Juan Alonso Pimentel, Lord of Berganza, and Viñais, whose two places left to serve his Majesty, and whose mercy signed at Tordesillas on May 7, 1398 under the title County, but is worthy of admiration, that from this time not Varon has been missing from this illustrious progeny to the present. The said Medical D. Francisco Vallejo says that had the curiosity to go see the fortress of the Count of Benavente Excelentiísimos, a palace founded by Earl D. Rodrigo Pimentel, very beautiful, and great fun for its gardens, and fountains.

Castle Benavente as eighteenth-century painting

After

other curiosities that counts, says he is at the entrance to the patio door armor of an elephant covered with skin. That there is a room called the Lineage, adorned with various figures of men, dogs, deer, lions, birds, etc., of the pending quale fifty coats of arms of the major houses of Spain. He noticed two arcs, one of the quale, which is of jasper, the left side, sees a natural figure of a man lying down, drawn from the same native colors of the stone. That further inland in the door, immediately to that room are referred Elephant tusks, which each has two yards long and half a yard of base, being admirable greatness of others huessos of this animal to such correspondence. I also notice a reed, whose gap was nearly a third of a width with twenty-two knots, and forty feet long, but is to be noted that this is a single piece of cane, as being characteristic of them finish in decline, or cone, this is the same all along, and that it should be inferred qual greatness, if it were whole. The main stair climbing in a window is a post from two and a half yards long, and nearly one gruesso, all of a piece of stone called porphyry, it is a pity, that there had the misfortune of an him Centella partiesse a piece. Medical Curious Alaba a lot this very ornate gallery, a well, which is in the main courtyard, and many other things worth seeing in that factory. Several concerns of the Church curiosities, among them a grave, which is a Castillo Armas, a head of Baca, and an Ermine, edged with a nickname: Malo mori quam foedari. Another is in the main chapel next to the Gospel, which says: Here jace the noble knight Rodrigo Alvarez Ossorio, Alvar Rodriguez Ossorio fixed. Boy died in the Real, the King D. John was on Lisbona: left one fixed. His weapons are two Lobos. Assimo in the Chapel of the Cocos another, that crescent is this inscription:

Epitaph of a family member Coco

In the Garden of the fortress is also written two stones, which say

DMS

Postumiae re

criscillae. opt.

Pientisimae

DMS

Postumiae

sotirae

Uxor. Opt. Sancris

Dulciisimae

P.

Son muchas, y muy exquisitas las plantas, que se crian en los contornos de este Pueblo, de modo que tiene muy poco, que embidiar a otro País; de ellas tenemos una larga relacion; pero lo mas especial es lo que dice el referido Vallejo del Lugar de Frieira, que dista tres leguas de Benavente, y es que allí se cría en tanta abundancia el Cutus Ladanifera, que sus Moradores sacan, o fabrican la masa del Ladano, o Labdano todos los años en cantidad de cien arrobas, a cuya compra concurren varios drogueros, haciendo tal comercio del, que abastecen todas las Boticas de España, y Portugal. El mencionado D. Pedro Merlo, dice, que en el año de 1752 despachó for the entire City of Cadiz, more than 40 arrobas. And Vms. See, this is a medically, that price has grown ever trahan the island of Crete, which is one of the archipelago, whose capital is Candia, to which must be of great benefit this new invention, assi in cost, as the value of staying in the kingdom. All AA. Queen etsa agree that aromatica, inclined to yellow in color black, and before we trahi in platoons, and breads, is that in the summer resudor leaves give this plant, the qual it grows only two feet, just more or less. Its flowers are quite long with five colored leaves of Rosa. Its root is hard, woody, white inside and out something blonde. This yields many ramos duros de un dedo de gruesso, de color obscuro, y alguna vez inclinado a ceniciento, guarnecidos de hojas verdes, puestas de dos en dos, de sabor herbaceo con leve estipcidad.

En tiempo de Dioscorides se cogia el Ladano de dos maneras. Una era hechando a pacer por entre estas plantas muchas Cabras, a cuyas barbas, y lanas se pegaba el humor de las hojas, y el que despues con peynes estraían sus dueños. Otra recogiendolo en pedazos de cuero, de donde despues lo raían, y componian; pero yo me persuado, que tan excesiva cantidad, como siempre ha salido para todas partes desde dicha Isla de Candia, no es posible, que fuesse producto de semejante impertinencia. Mas bien creo, que estos Isleños harían, and do what our English in Eriera, and is drawn from the whole plant in Red wine, water or a stranger, which is the Ladan, who today have in Spain, and with which we achieve the same effects, than with Crete. This resinous material, applied externally as a poultice, has the power to soften tumors, cook their materials, mitigate, and resolve. Inside is corroborative, adstrigente, and bland, and assi coción served to help the stomach, to check, stop the distillation, boiling colds and cure dysentery, as in much of a drachma. It is special in the cold weather held, applied plaster, and the same in weak stomach, and the positions earaches temples. Makes beautiful effects on old ulcers, cavernous, with tumor, and hardness; amendment Cervical vices, and its smoke preserves the stench of AVRE. Enters the composition of balsams apoplectic, and the capital plasters, and stomach of Char, and so celebrated for breakage of Prior or Abbot of Cabrieres.

a distance, as three quarters of a league of Benavente, in the end, called the Rock, and immediately the hillside Mosteruelo, it pulls a medical source, located in a next llandad Orbigo River, next to Manganeses place, the water is cold, clear, odorless, tasteless, mana is always the same amount, but in growing the Rio in Winter covers. The aforementioned D. Peter Merlo one arroba of water evaporated from that source, and says that nothing was left in the glass rather than a film, then exposed to the air that fell apart, and not do so much been out of residue. Well we think that, according to this appearance, the coldness of the water, and effects, which makes its virtue, are children of Nitro much it contains. Experience has shown how great it is to cure kidney diseases, and vegiga, making lossabulos evacuate, and sand, and calm the irritation of these parts. Exemplo serve the serious pain, which was Diosi de Castro, a resident of this town, in the kidneys, which could not be mitigated by other medicines, but then he came to drink a quart of this water, the pain vanished, and if it returns, does the same diligence and get the bill itself. D. Ignacio Gonzalez, Officer of the Accounts of the Hon. Count of Benavente, suffering another such cruel pain, with the own due diligence had the same effect, and happiness that the antecedent. Doña Isabel de Yebra Pimentel, very bad lofran bereaved of that it said, without many of whom said D. Pedro says Merlo, who has advised the use of this water in such ailments, and if aplicasse with good method, helped by other medications internal and external aperient, digestive, purgative and some soft, I have no doubt that effective relief would for all the opilaciones, Obstructions, Hypocondrias in fiery temperament, and dry, and the Ceaticas. In the appetite will be very special, assi as in all diseases of the stomach, and all slow fever, which has arisen from the obstruction of some involved.

Half a league of Benavente, in a meadow, near the Place de Villanueva de Azuaga, next to some Alamos, and beside the mill stream, called Windy, is a source, whose origin is to the east, and runs to the Rio Esla. This say the above Vallejo, and Merlo, which is very clear, odorless, cold, but insipid, and although the natives drink it with excesso, or being very sweaty, they were never followed any damage before dissipacion excesso good experience of flatus. It seems that the resiudo, that I leave the water evaporation, is a chalky soil, mixed with very small quantity of salt slightly bitter, which, with the spirits or acids, or with the alkali, any mutation does, the proof seal the others were saying, that this salt is neutral. This, and the experience that the natives argue, persuade, that this water is helpful, warm fire in the colic, and Hydropesias flatulent, vigorous virtue with a proper medicine. Media

Benavente league too distant, in the end of Santa Marina, and a vineyard, whose site, call Platera, there is a fountain, running East, very abundant, as is used to irrigate all the neighboring vineyards. Does your stone fence of a state of deep, and she is bred back water lizards, geckos, which the natives call it is clear and thin, and very insipid taste, we have found out that drink a lot of copying, sweating or large, is not harmful, and that is poderosissima to whet the appetite. D. says that lately Head Thomas Castillo, in the town of Valencia de D. John Benavente six leagues distant, in a grove on the banks of the Rio Esla, is grown in abundance the species of flies, called Songs.