Rent A Gown In Mandaluyong

The winged man look - on the cover Mateo south of San Juan del Mercado De Babia

Heritage Pearls

not always easy to explain why a work of art is particularly dear or deserves special treatment from the perspective of the critic or historian. Maybe it's a simple valuation subjective, the result of a first impression, received prior training or personal experiences that have just weighing on the viewer. In any case, it is highly recommended, from time to time, comment on a work pushing aside the academic and carried away by the pure aesthetic enjoyment.
In this spirit it is now proposed an approach to one of the sculptures that adorn the south door of the church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente, specifically the image of the evangelist Matthew. It is in the right rabbet that supports the lintel and the tympanum. Without doubt, the best figure determined from the viewpoint of plastic and technical all the sculpture of the Adoration of the Kings.

When faced with a Romanesque, always conceived from the religious, we must not only unravel the iconography and adopt the viewpoint of its author. Must also be at the scene of a spectator of the eleventh to thirteenth centuries.

As St. Bernard said in his famous "Apology to William of Saint Thierry", through the images could instruct the ignorant and greater devotion of the faithful. But despite this condition covers Romanesque Bibles in stone, "do not always have all the keys to decrypt the message be transmitted, probably because they tend to intermix the canonical texts, with the hagiography, the apocryphal Gospels, other traditions of the church and even secular stories.

our Evangelist Matthew appears here under one of the handiest appearances of his usual iconography: the winged man. It was St. Jerome who fixed the exact particular symbolism of each of the evangelists, Matthew assigning the angel who had the man's face, symbol of intelligence, referring to the beginning of his Gospel reconstruct human genealogy of Christ .
Matthew is identified in the synoptic gospels as Levi, son of Alphaeus publican and tax collector in Capernaum (Matthew 9:9, Mark 2:14, Luke 5:27-29).

According to the testimony of the evangelist himself "Jesus, to leave, he saw a man named Matthew at his post tax collector, and said, 'Follow me." Matthew got up and followed him ... "(Mt 9, 9). Thus in the representation of tetramorfos the Portico de la Gloria of Santiago de Compostela, Matthew, instead of writing his gospel leaning on his speaker symbol, as do his three companions, he does appear on a chest, probably referring to his old job .

As one of the evangelists, St. Matthew is represented generically in a tunic and carrying a book or a scroll with writing. But in the literal interpretation of Ezekiel's vision of the specific symbol is man merely a human face, not an angel: "The first living creature like a lion, the second was like an ox, the third had a face as man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. " (Ezekiel 1.5-10, 10.14). So at the Gate of Paradise Orense headquarters found the statue-column Mateo specific look at your man, with his gospel open, but without wings. In Instead, Matthew's tetramorfos the southern gate of Santa Maria del Azogue de Benavente spreads its wings spectacularly.

The sculpture on the cover of San Juan has an acceptable condition. We observed some loss in the nose, which is broken, lips, and some fingers of both the right and the left hand. In any case, it looks much better, of course, other figures treated worse time, like statues that populate the series spills jambs.

Recent restoration works have recovered some remains of polychrome and repair or replacement of the mortar grout. The colors are perceived by example, in the iris of the left eye, hands, wings and rabbet itself. The tones used were red, blue, green and yellow, but red is more recognizable today. Clearly the midday sun is primarily responsible for the loss of pigmentation, as the most protected areas of light and weather have slowed significantly the natural deterioration of the stone.

The restoration of the temple by Ferrant modified the front cover and there was a heightening of the facing at the top of the pointed arch. These changes have led to remedy any leakage of rainwater from the roof. Degradation has been primarily in the loss of polychromy and the breaking of the stone mill, with the accumulation of white deposits both at home and abroad.

The figure shows half-length, emerging from the clouds. Its head is rounded, well proportioned in relation to body and long neck. The young face, beardless, prominent eyes, chin protrusion, marked eyebrows and straight nose.
Her hair, acaracolados loop, it is somewhat sophisticated, but it is beautifully worked with the chisel. The way to solve their hair notably similar to that of the Prophet Daniel of the Cathedral of Santiago.

mouth suggests a half-smile, just perceptibly, and partially obscured by the flaws of the stone. The lofty position of his head, turned slightly left, emphasizes the effect of staring at the viewer and gives an air of calm, but sweet and pleasant.
winged man's gesture is natural and dynamic, with a slick sense of movement, far from the hieratic and frontal and other characters of that cover. Manages to escape from the strictures of limited architectural framework and suggests a dialogue with the observer.

contrast, treatment of the wings are perfectly symmetrical and denotes archaism. The details of the feathers are solved with a decorative geometric grid. Tunic dresses thick folds, parallel and volume. The natural fall of the cloth provides elegant lighting effects and shadows. The clothing shows wide sleeves, which fall under the wrist describing concentric rings and tapers. The way of shaping the neckline reminds characteristic funnel necklines flat front, present in the series statuary Portico of Glory.

The hands are large, long fingers and awkward, but very expressive. Holds in his left hand underneath, its main feature: the open book, while with the index finger of right hand shows the viewer his name and the first words of his Gospel:

MATEVSLIB [ER]

GEN [ER] ACIONIS

The genealogy of Jesus occupies the first verses of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew, in fact, is this just the beginning: "Liber Jesu Christi filii David generationis , filii Abraham. " (Book of the Generation of Jesus Christ, Son of David, son of Abraham). Matthew faces the life story of Jesus presenting his family lineage.

Since the arrival of a Messiah had been a recurring theme in various prophecies made in the Old Testament, our evangelist seeks to demonstrate that Jesus of Nazareth was, indeed, one of whom Moses and the prophets bore witness. As the Messiah must necessarily come from the descendants of Abraham (Gen. 22:18, Gal. 3:16), the father of the Jewish nation, and David, the founder of royal lineage (Isa. 9:6-7; 11:1, Acts. 2:29-30), Matthew believes demonstrate his genealogy that Jesus is descended from such illustrious characters.

The ancient interpreters of biblical texts, as Augustine of Hippo, traditionally believed that this book was first written in the Synoptic Gospels and, therefore, always took precedence over the other three editions of the New Testament. They argued that Matthew wrote the Gospel in Palestine shortly before the destruction Temple of Jerusalem in 70 AD, and would have done in Hebrew or Aramaic in response to Jewish converts to Christianity. Today, most experts do not only doubt these assertions, but question the authorship of Matthew itself.

Ultimately, the bill for technical and compositional rhythm to the piece we recommend the entire cover. Reveals the virtuosity of a master, but also the support of a workshop. Are notable differences in quality and style observed between the various figures of this cover, no doubt a consequence of the participation of several hands, but also possibly reflect various stages of completion. Nothing
know about the authorship, or the historical circumstances surrounding its preparation. The identification was done once with the "Magister Giraldo" of the jurisdiction of Benavente 1167, or the epitaph of a certain "Aime Giral" existing in the same home, nothing more than an appealing hypothesis.

For its naturalism, its formal richness, the elongation of the royalties, the faintest smile and folds care, our winged man approaches protogothic forms the last quarter of the twelfth century and early the next century.

It's called the art of 1200, a notable style projection in the territories of Galicia and Leon, in the sculptural aspect has often been associated with school teacher Matthew and all its consequences spread across the northwest of the peninsula. Their sources of inspiration and the parallels are quite varied. It highlighted the ascendancy of Burgundy, Saint-Denis and Chartres; influence of Italy, probably from Provence, Saint Gilles-du-Gard, and flashes of Hispanic-e Islamic art.

But the teacher Matthew-who in any case there are very few certainties, is not only the head of a generation of sculptors and architects of high quality. Are involved in a remarkable renewal of ideas stylistic and iconographic of Romanesque art to decorate either new constructions, either to beautify other inherited from previous eras. Set

stylistic and chronological affiliations among the major art centers of the Kingdom of León and secondary schools more rural area is difficult and complex task. The most sublime works considered exemplary, those incorporated in the building industry more representative of the kingdom, influenced the masons and sculptors of local workshops is evident. But to pinpoint where the original lies and where it starts copying, or imitation, is a company that risky as sterile, among other things because we are missing puzzle pieces and stylistically similar works may be branches of a common trunk.

In Benavente is this a time of remarkable building momentum and inspiring artistic endeavors. It corresponds to the reign of Ferdinand II (1157-1188) and Alfonso IX (1188-1230). Two Kings of Leon, the father and son who both influenced the recruitment of the new town, in urban settings and the projection of its district. In the short period covering the years 1181-1230 have news of the construction of a number of parishes in the town, but all of them have only come down to us two: Santa Maria Quicksilver and the San Juan del Mercado.

The only two safe chronological references on the construction of the church of San Juan del Mercado come from the years 1181 and 1182. This is, first, a document that Dona Aldonza, daughter of Count and Countess Teresa Osorio, gave the Order of St. John the rights to the church building and, secondly, a brief inscription on the socket corridor connecting the Main Chapel to the north apse: ERA MCCXX KALS A. (It was 1220, Kalends of April or August).

For these same years the subscription in a letter benaventana a certain "Fernandus Ihoannis Sancti Martini presbytery" may indicate that the church was already in use. Later and more problematic, with respect to the real situation of the temple is the news of a document dated in 1211 Benavente "in Hospitalis of Benavento atrium domus."

Images: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, different perspectives and details of the figure on the cover San Mateo south of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente.

Melbournecart Horses On Swanston Street

Sierra Morena - An ancestral journey along the Cañada Real de la Vizana Silver or

Heritage Pearls

The Blog "Flying Over It" would like to echo the recent publication of the book: "From Babies to Sierra Morena. An ancestral journey along the Cañada Real de la Plata Vizana or other cattle trails. "Texts are Manuel Rodriguez Pascual, well acquainted with all things related to transhumance in León, while the photographs are the work of Fernando Fernández. This is a very careful edition, large format, excellent layout and very successful selection of photographs.
This book describes a long journey of over 700 km along the Cañada Real de la Vizana or de la Plata and other cattle trails that from the Babia Leon bring us closer to the heart of Sierra Morena west through the provinces of León, Zamora, Salamanca, Cáceres and Badajoz.

Along the route, in which text and photographs keep a copy overlap, combine well the authors' own experiences with the landscapes and architecture of towns and cities (some World Heritage Site) , the milestones and Roman bridges with pastoral huts, the twin mountains of the north with southern pastures, cereal with grapes and olives, and the urban world with the loneliness of living nature.

unknown in the western Spain, are threaded continuously outstanding places with numerous protected natural spaces, shaped by the passage of many civilizations and cultures have left their specific signature. Without doubt, this is a nature trail leading cultural and nomadic shepherds who have traveled for more than seven centuries in their annual migrations.
The following is an excerpt from the chapter on livestock routes pass through the lands of Benavente:

"La Cañada de la Plata Vizana or, after crossing the bridge over the river Órbigo, says goodbye Leon and Zamora comes into land. After leaving his right hand Teso Grande, crossing the village of Castroponce Maire its wide street Real. In the center of town, resting on the old livestock, have built schools, town hall and even a sports complex with gardens. At the end of Maire, La Vizana cross the bridge over the river of Canada, runs down a path paved until Villabrázaro concentration, and then flows through the town also for his long and wide street Real, where the church of Santa Maria Magdalena , XVIII century. Next, begin to ascend to the Mount of Mosteruelo, populated by oaks [...]

the Vizana La Cañada, Real Berciana or Zamorano, as it is described in this section, enter Benavente by the so-called Water Tower Road or Way of manganese, which leads to the modern and steep street named and Cañada de la Vizana, bordering the town to the north. At the end of it, on top, next to a place where today stands a National College, were the eras of San Anton, the former resting place of cattle. Next, it locates the Plaza Virgen de la Vega, at the confluence of the Lane Vizana the Maragatos now Maragatos Avenue, approaching the city near the old N-VI.

From this hill, La Vizana down the street Cuesta del Hospital, past the rear facade of the old Hospital of Our Lady of Mercy. Glen reached after the Plaza de la Soledad, the confluence of the Bribe Trail, which subsequently Zamorano Cañada name reaches Gordoncillo and Mayorga de Campos, and also the String of Tera, which comes from the pastures of Porto and Puebla de Sanabria in the vicinity of the N-525. The latter, were torn off in the same Benavente:

La Vereda de Cuatro Caminos, the fair, the Milles Trail, the Trail Wash Zamorano and Vado de Santiago.

The Benavente Vizana away from the Avenida Federico Silva Muñoz and outside, beyond the confines of the old NIV, it loses track of this canyon for several miles. Is converted into a narrow path between a knot of roads and highways.

In Benavente must stop and climb the hill where the old city is located on a primitive fortified hill that overlooks a wide valley watered by the River This and its tributaries, the river Cea East and Órbigo, Eria and Tera in the west.

Benavente's strategic location has made has always has been a crossroads of major transport routes from the Peninsula, such as the Via de la Plata, or the national road from Madrid and Extremadura target to Galicia or Asturias. But also, as mentioned above, is an important junction of roads pastoral, articulated around the Glen of the Vizana and other strings and paths converge here by migratory flocks that traveled from the mountains of north and west of León and Zamora, to Extremadura. This meant that for long periods to settle in the city court of the Kings of Leon [...].

After leaving Benavente, into the bridge of Santa Marina de Castrogonzalo, where cattle fairs were held, he joined The Vizana on the left the line from León, the capital that comes from the plain of Esla river. And together, cross the bridge over Castrogonzalo, where the corresponding charged or right pontazgo step. Beside him lie Paradores of Castrogonzalo, antique sales to stop for hikers and horsemen, it was a strategic place between the plateau, Leon, Asturias and Galicia. The chronicles Napoleon himself spent a night on the town of Castrogonzalo his way to Astorga.

After passing The House, The Vizana makes an abrupt turn at right angles to the south. But first, a branch of the ravine, called in this section Cañada de Madrid and La Coruna, continues straight along the vicinity of the N-VI to Medina del Campo. After the previous turn sends another string to the left to Castronuevo y Toro, which runs through the Nature Reserve Villafáfila lagoons or salt, where they accumulate in winter thousands of geese, herons, cranes and other birds European
Contin [...] ú Vizana and passes to the Castropepe the edge of a street named for Vereda Zamorano. Approaches the N-630 (Gij or n-Sevilla) and it runs through the town of Ship-quiz Barcial to s there a boat to wade through the Esla with people and cattle, where the church of Santa Marina, the eighteenth century, stands a curious tower with a square body and topped with an octagonal shape to continue on Water and Santovenia Villaveza Esla. T pass through such Terms é, ñ the ca ada is converted, in most í to cases in a way or concentration n. In a blanching or nm to s low, opens to the right of the wide traveler é f rTIL Esla the river valley.

Text
Manuel Rodriguez Pascual
1. Images: 1 . Cover of book, 2. A herd of sheep in the Ages of Castrogonzalo Above [Photo Rafael González], 3. signaling pathway Castrotorafe Silver [Photo Rafael González] and 4. Castrogonzalo Bridge [Photo Rafael González].

Chronica Minora

Carbonation Good Or Bad For Stomach

A home for Dona Juana - The lineage Pimentel and Casa de las Conchas de Salamanca

Juana Pimentel and Enriquez was the third of the daughters of Pedro Pimentel and Quinones, brother of Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, IV Conde de Benavente (1451-1499) and father would be, since 1541, I Marquis de Tabara: Bernardino Pimentel.
His mother was the second wife of Don Pedro: Inés Enríquez de Guzmán , daughter of Enrique Enriquez, I Conde de Alba de Ready, and Maria Teresa de Guzman. From all this it would appear that Juana Pimentel, who served some time as a maid of honor of the Catholic Queen, was first cousin of Alonso Pimentel, V Conde de Benavente (1499-1530).
The start of construction of Casa de las Conchas de Salamanca is due to the initiative of Dr. Don Rodrigo Maldonado de Talavera, Salamanca Alderman, professor, ambassador of the Catholic Monarchs and founder of the Talavera Chapel of the old cathedral. To this end the council Rodrigo acquired a group of houses in one of the most dynamic environments in the town of Salamanca, in the plaza of Santa Catalina, with frontages to Merchants or Rua de San Martín and Sordolodo street, street today Company Meléndez street view.
But the building was substantially renovated and redecorated just to mark the marriage of Arias Maldonado, son of the founder of the House, with Joanna Pimentel. In fact, the repeating pattern of scallops façade has become world famous this building would be related, as required Julián Álvarez Villar, in the Pimentel family crest, rather than the Military Order of Santiago. Since this time the arms of both lineages, Maldonados and Pimentel, repeatedly various environments adorn the facade and the courtyard. Similarly, the third installment of the monumental staircase opens to a pinnacle on the baluster with the union of the arms of the Pimentel and Maldonado, a symbol of the alliance between the two families.

The marriage was concluded in 1494 between the parents of both families. Following the noble purposes of the time they signed a written agreement detailing the economic conditions. The final amount of the dowry amounted to a staggering two and a half million coppers, many perfectly justified by the quality of the ascending and the presence of IV Conde de Benavente as guarantor.

The text of the marriage and dowry writing was published in 1748 by Antonio Caetano de Sousa in their genealogical history Prova da da Casa Real Portuguez . It reads as follows:

Know quantos this letter of obligation and mortgages as we see Don Pedro and Dona Ines Pimentel Enriques with the qual license that license the said Lady Doña Inés in the presence of me notary and witnesses said devise eScript sued Mr Don Pedro Pimentel and gave and gave it to him to devise an obligation in this letter will say that quanto content through our Lord is tried and settled it among Mr. Arias Maldonado marriage Destriana son of Lord Commander Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado of the Council of the King and the Queen, our Lords and the Lady D. Juana Pimentel our daughter about this milk which some capitulation is signed the magnificent Lord of the Count of Benavente and the said Don Pedro Pimentel and Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado in qual among other things contains ayam we give and give in marriage dowry and to the Commander Arias Maldonado quente maravedis two more and beyond other 500U m. and vistuario quel said Mr Conde has to give the said Dona Juana Pimentel and axuar over us giving us the joy our daughter Juana qual everything has to provide and pay for certain periods and in some ways and with some confidence. E per quanto

agora is settled and agreed that the said Lords Commander Maldonado Arias and Juana Pimentel ayan to marry later in marriage by left words of this second order of the Holy Mother the Church of Rome attach this letter and meet a man and promise and we undertake that we will and truly pay and with the said Lord Commander EFET Arias Maldonado or who his power Oviero in Dowry and Marriage with Lady Doña Juana Pimentel said our daughter the said two coppers in money stories pay cash paid in three suits: the tale of mrs Trinta days before they get married and enters into their weddings the said Arias Maldonado, and Doña Juana Pimentel and the U500 m. dende fasta one year following the first and the other 500U m. dende remaining fast in order for another year after next so that in order for those two years DeSdel day and were married and held their wedding Oviero be paid on the Mr. Arias Maldonado of these two stories of coppers.

qual To what forced them to us and our property and estate havidos and do any and haver At any Logar that Ayame and especialmentc mortgages and force them to do ours Gordonzillo Logar of their vassals and Juridicion cevil and criminal, with all its rents and tenements and chest and rights. I promise and bind ourselves to give and give really and with effect from Mr Arias Maldonado said or who his power Oviero the Reverse of that place and with his Juridicion and with everything that is 15 days before they get married and celebrate their wedding for I have and possess and what to sell second and by the way contained in such capitulation. E we can compliment each and qualesquier Justice and Court House and the King and the Queen, our Lords as qualesquier other villas Cibdades and Logan desto their kingdoms and dominions where this letter paresciere and whatever compliments della request, which to us . make and complex to have and keep around and around in her second and the capitulation that is contained and fagan delivery and execution in our assets and we each of us and roots and the furniture sold and auctioned at public auction or out of it and its value and deliver you the payment fagan said Arias Maldonado Commander or whoever your power Oviero of these two stories of coppers or part of the estoviere payable and compl.

qual

On what we give up and we left and in our favor and all e qualesquier Aiud leis and privileges and rights in general and particularly so that we could or could take to go or come against the said contract or anything near the machine against and some Dell and all fairs, and take bread and wine and all other remedies or special qualesquier. And I said Doña Inés Seiendes as certified soi quel relief and benefit Veliana and the other right hand corner of the women give birth renuscio and me and my favor and Aiud in any and every second that it is contained. E renusciamos our own jurisdiction and Juridicion and submit to the said Justices ea each renusciamos Dell and the rights and laws that give authority to decline the qualesquier Juridiciones and all other laws and charters and rights and legal systems that are otherwise desto or be able and forced them to us, ea our property and do any and roots in the AIAM Anywhere.

E

especially forfeit the said Gordoncillo our Place your justice and Juridicion cevil and creminal second and as the said devise encorporada Capitulation is contained. His tenor of the qual is this that follows.
Because thou among the very Magnifico Senor Don Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel Conde de Benavente and the Lord Don Pedro Pimentel his brother on the one side and the Lord Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado Council of King and Queen, our Lords the other party is hired and concluded that by God our Lord Commander Destriana Arias Maldonado's son said Lord Doctor and nurse to marry Juana Pimentel marry the daughter of Sir Don Pedro Pimentel and niece of the Count of Benavente. And the marriage is made Becausethe e aya EFET are arranged in the following matches and harmony.

First

that because our Lady the Queen, that pleases the Doña Juana Pimentel was brought home to the recevable by Suia and for there to be made on the marriage quel Mr Don Pedro Pimentel said the governess fetch and bring the Palace of SA fata first twenty days following and that after of brought within sixty days the said Arias Maldonado despoze with that D. Juana Pimentel and words of this second marriage facientes Holy Mother Church commands. Another
if quel said Mr D. Pedro Pimentel nurse to give and take dowry and marriage to the Arias Maldonado with that D. His daughter Juana 2. q. U500 maravedís paid in this way: I. Meitan dello are q. 250U m. thirty days before the couple married and consume. And the 625U m. within one year from the day following the first to marry and consumiaren the said marriage. And the other 625U m. fincables within a first year following. Another
if that security desto the Conde de Benavente said Lord gives merchants Fiansa plains and subscribers Villa de Valladolid to supplement and pay 500U m. of this continent of the dowry to the Arias Maldonado to the first period is thirty days before marrying the said Juana and that the said two fincables quente e to the complexes and pay for those periods to wit: a U of 750 m. with compliments of the 1. q. 250U m. thirty days before marrying the said Juana Arias Maldonado, and the other 1. q. 250U m. remaining in these two periods the Lord said Don Pedro mortgaging and force the Arias Maldonado said his Gordonzillo Place your right hand corner Juridicion and breasts and 15 days before the case give it and give so that you can have and take pledge of the 1. q. 250U m. subtract it quanto payable to the time and has to be paid on the 1. q. 250U m. and said second is that after the said time limits if the said Don Pedro non comply with it can sell and sell and is delivered in what may be due and the remainder to the said Don Pedro.

Other if that's more of the said two and half quente the Lord said Mrs. Don Pedro and his wife Doña Inés Enriques give the said Dona Juana her daughter that they paresciere axuar e quel said Lord Conde de Benavente and send him to give the vistuario silk brocade and His Lordship pleases. Another
if quel said Mr Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado nurse to give, and give the child the Arias Maldonado the said Juana and assigned and constituted a pledge gold 1U Castellanos for her nanny and be of such deposits for their own heritage conosca second laws of these kingdoms have. Another
if the security that marriage and dowry of such deposits to be governess to and reimburse the said Doña Juana or their heirs and as And when such rights have the force Mr Doctor governess and mortgage and hypothecate and must be held to the said D. Juana on the Site and its Location Avedillo and legacy that is on land Verzimuelle de Avila. Another
if they so close to this feat as close to such deposits ayan both the said parties to make and execute all the scriptures that delivering it and validation e dello suso everything that is convenient Hazer, and grant the said Don Pedro as far as it is hand fitted and complementation and the Lord said Doctor Rodrigo Arias Maldonado and Maldonado said his son for what it is and it is complementation to non moving part Desta Capitulation substance. E for safety of the sayings we suso said Don Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel Conde de Benavente and Don Pedro Pimentel, and Doctor Rodrigo Maldonado promise and assure good faith and without evil deception to keep and save and to buy you really and with all the contents EFET this escriptura each of us what it is to do and compl. It signed two scriptures qual a basis for each of us the said parties Suia. Dates were in the town of Tordesillas 3 days of June year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ 1494. years. Count Don Pedro. Dr. Rodrigo Maldonado.

suso

E because they said is true and steadfast and not be on the culprit is attach this letter of obligation ANTEL notary and witnesses viso eScript date approaches and granted in the most noble of Segovia Cibdad thus still King and Queen our Lords to 16 days of the month of Jullien year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1494. years. Witnesses who were present at what this is Don Luis Manrique Fixed Lord of Aguilar and Christopher Marques de Prado and Pedro de Varca and Ferrando Riva de Neyra neighbor Valladolid. And I Luis del Castillo Escrivano de Cámara del Rey, y de la Reyna nuestros Señores y su Escrivano y Notario publico en la su Corte y en todos los sus Reynos y Señoríos a todo lo que dicho es en uno con los dichos testigos presente fui y de ruego y otorgamiento de los dichos Señores Don Pedro Pimentel y Doña Inés su muger esta escritura fis escrevir e por ende fize aqui este mió signo a tal. En testimonio de verdade Luis del Castillo.
Imágenes: 1. Blasón de la familia Pimentel en el piso superior del patio; 2. Armas de los Pimentel en el pináculo de la escalera; 3. Armas de los Maldonado y Pimentel en la fachada; 4. Armas de los Maldonado y Pimentel en la fachada; 5. Escudo laureado de los Pimentel en el piso superior patio 6. Coat of Pimentel in the courtyard downstairs and 7. Overview of the courtyard of the Casa de la Conchas in Salamanca.

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The brave and courageous knight master Francisco de Villagra - Around a burial of San Juan del Mercado

Chronica Minora

The chapel of the church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente has your flooring dotted tombstone, last resting relevant people regarding the history of the temple, Commendation of the Order of the Hospital or illustrious sons of the town. Not appear to correspond with all original burials. By contrast, the aspect that follows shows that there have been several rearrangements of burial spaces. Some of these plaques has been partially mutilated to fit the dimensions of the others, probably after moving from another location. The last documented burial is that of the Bishop of Salamanca and Plasencia, Angel Lopez Ditches (1870-1924). The burial for the transfer of his remains in 1942 from Salamanca on the initiative of the City of Benavente.

This article is going to stop in gloss of these awards, particularly the one in third place to the right of the bishop benaventano. His condition is quite acceptable because, despite signs of wear Transit own parishioners, reading no difficulties.

The caption, written in capitals in the second half of the sixteenth century, is divided into two parts separated by a large central crest. The first six lines present a larger font and a loose matching the epigraphic field, while the following eleven are more variegated and have a font size much smaller. Add up to seventeen lines. Separation between words is done by simple interpunción. The central shield is bordered with pearls and corresponds to the promoter of the grave: Luis Rengifo, whose initials (LR) flanking the heraldic emblem. Traditional weapons name displayed on the first of the barracks in a field of gold a lion azure, silver bordure and eight blades of the same color. Reading, once developed, abbreviations, is:

IN THIS CHAPEL ARE

SEPVLTADOS THE NOBLE KNIGHTS

MVY

Toribio de Carbajal

AND FRAY SARIA Scots

COMMANDER OF RVBIALES

QVE THE

ENPEÇARON HEDIFI

AND FINISHING

CAR AND MEMORY

SV

THE DON Manifa

LVIS RENGIFO COMENDA

DOR DESTA ENCOMIENDA

CIVDAD

RODRIGO AND CONTROL

PUT THIS PIE

DRA AS LORD AND CHAPEL DESTA

Yglesias

Of the people mentioned in the text, both Luis Rengifo and Fray Toribio de Carbajal can be placed chronologically without too much difficulty. Luis Rengifo is presented as Commander of the Order of St. John in Benavente and Ciudad Rodrigo. We know that a character of that name went to the provincial chapter of Fuentelapeña held on July 29, 1530. Similarly, in a letter from Felipe II to the Bishop of Orense dated in 1569 mentions Luis Rengifo Engono with the position of Lieutenant of the Priors of the Order of San Juan. Regarding
Fray Toribio de Carbajal, commander of Rubiales, his figure is closely linked to the construction of San Juan del Mercado. A Gothic inscription engraved on the first pillar southwest of the church credited with building several pillars, probably of all decks and the roof of the main altar. The text identifies him as commander of Benavente, Vidayanes and Almazan, but perhaps in the name of the latter town lapicida error exists, because in the service of a document of the monastery of Nogales in 1468 is cited as commander Order of St. John in Benavente and Vidayanes, and master of Arrabalde. In 1487 the royal chancery of issuing a warrant sobrecarta Juan Maldonado, to make real execution of the commander Fray Toribio de Carvajal in the amount of which is still indebted to Juan González de Saldaña, a resident of Tordesillas, because of lease parcels Rioseco, Villela and San Juan del Camino belonging to the de Benavente. In 1489, Fray Toribio de Carvajal, commander of Benavente and Baylie de Olmos, leased to Peter Lake and Fray Diego Coronel the above parcels.

Increased interest awakens the third of our characters, Frey Alvaro de Sarria, not so much for himself but for the relevance of one of its descendants. Sarria was provided with the task of Benavente by the Grand Master of Rhodes. In 1510 would pass through difficulties the enjoyment of their income, as a royal commands Francisco Manrique, commander of Cerecinos and does not disturb the possession of his parcel. From various sources, some of which are cited below, we can make this Álvaro de Sarria father of the conqueror and governor of Chile Francisco de Villagra.
Francico de Villagra is considered one of the leading figures of the conquest and colonization of Chile. or arrived to Chile when Pedro de Valdivia ordered the conquest of that region or n. Was present at the Foundation or of Santiago in 1541, took various positions or in the government of the city, and defend toc or Michimalonco chief's assault in September of that to ñ o. He was governor of that land three times (1547-49, 1553-57 and 1561-63) and led several military companies aimed at exploring the territory and the increase in its jurisdiction.
of the trust placed in him by Pedro de Valdivia was reported in a letter in 1547 to the Emperor: "All í í Prove to Captain Francisco de Villagra n to , my teacher in the field, because you have Í a true servant and vassal by VM and jealous of his guilty ces to service, my lieutenant general, to be mindful of the guard, or ny pacificaci sustentaci or n the cities of Santiago and Serena and vassals of Your Majesty. "
catalog in the Indian Passenger Villagrá was recorded in 1537 en route to Peru, the son of Commander Ruy Dials and Ana de Villagra, neighbors Santervás de Campos (Valladolid). However, this information seems not accurate.
Section Military Order of the National Historical Archives preserves the record of the proofs presented by Villagrá in 1559 to obtain the habit of a Knight of Santiago. Some of the testimonies are contradictory, but overall very enlightening news show on the history of this character before joining Indies.
We know well that, indeed, Villagrá natural son of the said Alvaro de Sarria and Ana de Villagra. Most likely the existing obscurantism about his origins is due to the unorthodox sitiuación of their parents, as "when said Alvaro de Sarria had at the Francisco de Villagra was already in the habit of Saint Joan and said Ana de Villagra was single ". The fact of having taken his mother's surname should also contribute to confusion. The testimony of various witnesses questioned in the proofs insist that the future conqueror of Chile served in his youth the Marquis of Astorga and Count of Benavente, and was on the Day of Tunisia, 1535, fighting Barbarossa.

the absence of genealogy presented to the Council, Mr. Cisneros presented a letter giving notice of the ancestors of the claimant, reporting on the quality and the blood:

"The Marshal Francisco de Villagra, governor of the province of Chile he says your highness grant him the habit of the Order of Santiago and cedula Paresce the presents and pleads with him VA I ordered the necessary steps were necessary to the depositary. And for the record the nobility of his lineage, he says that he is the son of Alvaro de Sarria, commander of parcels Rubiales Villela and the Order of Santiago in the reign of Leo the qual forty years has died. And is the son of Ana de Villagra, natural and citizen of the town of San Jerba in the kingdom that the qual era when said Álvaro Donzella met her. And the commander said Alvaro de Sarria by more than seventy years aver that they say some who died was the son of a fellow Villacero and Leonor Gómez de Sarria his wife, were natural, citizen of the town of Villalpando. And others say that the said Alvaro de Sarria was the son of Antonio de Sarria, warden and governor of the said town of Villalpando and do not remember how he called his wife but first it is more certain, and that Ana de Villagra, mother of Francisco de Vilagran, daughter of Pedro de Villagra, commander of the Order of Santiago and Mudarra Ysabel, his wife, natives and residents of the village of San Gervasio. In a way that their parents probanza Francisco de Villagra and grandparents on her mother has to do in Sant Gerber and Villela Villalon two leagues and if anything more had been necessary in Villagra three leagues from San Gerber by the grandfather of Francisco de Villagra and is part of Sarra has to Hazer in Villalpando.

The chronicler Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo left us an interesting portrait of the character in his "History of Chile from discovery to the year 1575 ":

" was Francisco de Villagra to , when he died or , age of fifty-six to ñ os, Astorga natural son of a commander of the Order of Saint John, called Sarria. His father was not married, his mother was a principal of the name hidalgo to Villagra. Gobern or on behalf of Rey Don Felipe dos to ñ (...); and a half years was of medium height, round face, with much gravity and authority between blond beard, the color of the face sanguino; friend go well dressed and eating and drinking , enemy of the poor, was well cysts before that was governor, and bad cysts after s é it was. Quej to Banse d l é í hac am to s by their enemies because of atraellos as í than their friends, by whose observance dec í an enemy that was best for friend. It was vicious women and moh í not things of the war while living or was (...); friend of the little ten í a, Guardall; m to s was glad to receive me is that of giving. Muri or in the town of La Concepcion or n t 15 d as the month of July, one thousand and five hundred and sixty-three years ñ .

Alonso de Ercilla also gave him a Villagrá verses in "La Araucana"

Caudillo was and people's heads

Francisco Villagrán, a man had

by militia and wise enough,

with great diligence prevented;

Pedro de Valdivia was a lieutenant,

after him obeyed.

Images: 1. Church of San Juan del Mercado in Benavente, 2. Tombstone of Francisco de Carbajal and Alvaro de Sarria [sixteenth century], 3. Interior of San Juan del Mercado 4. Portrait of Francisco de Villagra and 5. Valdivia, Villagra and Ovalle Alderete as [1616].

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Castroferrol - An early medieval monastic enclave in the valley of Tera

Chronica Minora

The purpose of this paper is to give some light on one of the oldest monasteries, yet least known, because of its ephemeral path- Zamora appeared in the north in the early medieval period. Although their existence is recognized by most authors who have dealt with one way or another the study of monasticism Leon, contradictions and misunderstandings have been obvious at the time to establish their location and determine their chronology. The fundamental cause of the confusion should be sought in the deficiencies inherent in the fragmentary documents preserved at the Cathedral of Astorga, the only source that provides first hand information about the monastery.

Yepes is the first author who deals with the subject, as with many of the monasteries in the region. In When establishing the list of foundations of the ancient kingdom of Leon Castro mentions a monastery Ferroni, on the banks of Tera, under the name of San Salvador. Provides no timeline or specific location, simply ruling that "it was the convent of monks and nuns", this is a monastery called rejoinder.

Flórez, in his famous tome XVI Sacred Spain, transmits the name of an abbess Benedicta here in 1006. His testimony has the benefit of having driven the medieval documents Asturicense before his disappearance. For the Augustinian scholar would be a community of nuns only.

We must wait until the prolific Augusto Quintana Prieto to obtain more specific. This author mentions both Castroferrol enclave as the monastery in several of his works, but it was an entry in the Dictionary of Church History in Spain where he drew a stark portrait of a monastery of San Miguel in Villaferrueña, which as we shall see later can identify with our monastery, but with a wrong location:

"Villaferrueña, San Miguel (Zamora, diocese of Astorga) Prebenedictino. The first known story dates back to 1006, you receive a gift of property. It emerged that a monastery was twofold. In 1015, the owner, Mary Chalíndez, which was donated by Bermudo II, gave to the diocese and its bishop of Astorga Jimenez (992-1028), marking the latest news that he has. Today is secular parish. "

However, reading carefully preserved diplomas concludes with clarity that this location could not be in any case Villaferrueña. The earliest references date back to mid-tenth century and not allude to any monastery. So in 962 Raup and his wife, Mansu, donate Sarracíniz Nuno and his wife, Gudigeva, a vineyard in the village of Kastro Ferronnio, Almucera riverside, who had bought to a certain Donelan, giving its terms. The mention of Almucera immediately discarded Villaferrueña option, since, as we know, this population is adjacent to Eria. The following year 963, contains a donation to the cathedral of Astorga made by Adric and his wife, Faquilo, together with their children throughout their inheritance in Castroferrol, corresponded with the few possessions, as well as their furniture, the whole half over the life of the donor and after his death entirely. Oma

IUVE In 1006, his son Veila and his wife, Gontrode, donate to the abbess and convent of Castroferronnio, which place the river Tera, all its properties and appliances, "... in anything dealing deceased honore est ecclesia vel et continentium fratrum sororum iugum et ibidem dominates Bendicta abbatissa portentibus fundatum sub monasterium qui est urbis Astor et locum predictum nominatum vocantem that dicitura nominibus Castroferronio, iuxta vel aquis flumina Teira appellant.

More explicit is a diploma in 1015 in which Mary and their children, and John Galindo Ciprianiz make donation site Castroferrol San Miguel Archangel, who dwell in there, monks and nuns, under subject of the bishop of Astorga. In this case, the villa is spatially referenced and Almucera Tera rivers: "... reconditae sunt in ipso loco, bocabulum Castroferronio Dicent quod villa, ribulose discurrente Teira et alia part Almuçara "

Based on these geographical constraints, the key to properly situate this monastery offers us the Madoz dictionary, which includes within the term of two Trasmonte Hills uninhabited: Pobladura of Trasmonte and Castroferrol. Today, in the collective memory of the residents of Hills has lost such a place name, although if there is instead a vague recollection about the existence of an ancient monastery.

Similarly

Madoz dictionary mentioned another wilderness under the name of San Miguel de Castro Ferrol in the village of Vidriales Quiruelas immediate, less it is the same site, perhaps shared by both populations.

definitely our monastery located near Trasmonte Hills, near rivers and Tera Almucera only provide it with a site is more accurate. Two possible alternatives seem to offer based on different evidence. On the one hand we must mention an archaeological site known as San Miguel in terms of the current municipality of Vidriales Quiruelas with a cultural award for the Copper Age and modern times, collected by Larra Left in the ratio of deposits of this sector of the valley Tera.

The another option, much better documented archaeologically, payment is known as San Juan-El Valle Trasmonte Hills. This is a Roman / medieval west of the village, on a small hill that leads to the terraces above the river Tera. Not really a fort, but there are some hills nearby which might well assume that denomination.

According to the testimony of several neighbors, collected by the archaeologists, the place was known by the oral tradition as a convent of San Juan, perhaps in reference to the parish church (San Juan Bautista) or any possession of the hospital order. The extension of irrigation to the vicinity led to an intervention archeology in 1993 that revealed two occupational moments. One low empire dating from Roman times to the late IV and V century, and superimposed on it another medieval period "could be related to a type of religious building, perhaps monastery or convent, in any case for plenomedievales moments, between XI and XIII centuries, according to findings ceramics. At about 200 m. southeast of the excavation area, were previously constructed two Roman tombs tegulae, a figure that appears to extend considerably the area of \u200b\u200boccupation.

Overlapping early medieval churches and monasteries previous settlements low empire from the Roman period, mainly villae, is a well known in historiography. While the examples we Camarzana near, The Piélago (Cimanes de la Vega), and perhaps Villaquejida Abraveses Tera (Virgen de la Encina) and Los Villares (Villanueva de Azoaque).

any case, the name of this place as Castroferrol, brings this place with a group of settlements are well known: the forts, fundamental parts of the organization and hierarchy of the settlement in the tenth, eleventh and early twelfth century . In many cases these demarcations sites where tenentes, merino and executioners officials exercising their jurisdiction as royal. As has been demonstrated in archeology, in most of the cases, these early medieval settlement of Iron Age structures superimposed on the past, even prehistoric. Located on hills, and most of them fortified, were also military centers, which played a defense of the surrounding territory, in which space there were several villages.

Within the territory of what was to become the administrative district council benaventano, there were several villages that deserved the name of forts. First we should mention, for his outstanding leadership post at the same Malgré-Benavente, mentioned since 1115 as Castro quod dicitura Malgrado. They are also identified other castrates mentioned intermittently in contemporary sources: Tera Camarzana, Castrogonzalo, Castropepe, Mozar, Socastro, Ventosa, and our Castroferrol. As shown, in general, are places relatively close together, so its area of \u200b\u200binfluence may not be very extensive.

From this initial reality, there was a monastery whose history goes back at least to the time of Bermudo II (985-999). Strategically located at the entrance to the valley of Vidriales in conjunction with the valley of Tera, must take the communication flows of the old Roman road linking Bracara Augusta Augusta Asturica through Petavonium, joining just near the Via de Sanabria, a natural way to back up the river by touching Tera Zamora valley to the southeast of Galicia, through ports Padornelo and La Canda.

Its evolution is very confusing to tell, as we have seen, with an extremely fragmented documentation and not entirely reliable in the transcript.

seems that Castroferrol village, where sat the monastery of San Miguel, was previously owned by a certain Hamed. At one point Bermudo II taken or seized from Galindo Congosto Enneguez the villa in El Bierzo. His daughter Mary asked the king to some compensation for what he considered an injustice, getting in return the town of Hamed in Castroferrol. Later, in 1015, Mary and their children and John Galindo Cipriániz made donations of this town, perhaps in gratitude, with all its properties to dwell in there, brothers and sisters, under the obedience of the bishop of Astorga.

The budget is quite substantial and detailed, including liturgical objects, vestments, books, and movable and immovable property and the family properties and Araduey Vidayanes. The magnitude of the gift, accompanied by a long and solemn documentary writing, suggests a foundation, or rather a reworking from a previous center, maybe the San Salvador de Castroferrol the document of 1006 which mentions a Benedicta Bendicta or an abbess.

Changing invocation is not an unusual event in monasticism Leon, also taking into account the many vicissitudes which used to spend such institutions. It should be noted also that the monasteries often had more than one of these titles, and within a few appear as main and other as secondary. For Castroferrol, San Miguel next to Santa Maria in the diploma of 1015, otherwise identical names to the next monastery Camarzana of Tera.

We are therefore faced with another of the many monasteries that arose in the north of Zamora in the early medieval period. His little paper trail does not allow more speculation about its future development. As happened with other more established foundations like Santa Marta de Tera, San Pedro de Zamudio, San Miguel de Camarzana or San Adrián del Valle, the monastery of San Miguel de Castroferrol also ended up joining the assets of the miter Astorgano made that had precipitated their extinction as a monastic institution.

Castroferrol, as a population center, again cited on occasion. By 1060 this place is mentioned as one of the villas and estates that fell into the hands of Diego Muñoz in the division of inheritances and Mrs. Fernandez Osorio Visclavara. In 1129 Castro Ferronnio is one of the highlights of monastic preserve Santa Marta de Tera, confirmed by Alfonso VII, as was established by his great-grandfather Ferdinand I. In 1170 Fernando II again to validate such limits through a privilege confirmation.

Images: 1. Trasmonte plane Hills, 2. Parish Church [Photo Luis Peral] 3. The Old Mill [Photo Luis Peral] 4. Parish Church [Photo Luis Peral] and 5. Bermudo II.

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old scraps of parchment - El Beato de Osma and Carracedo Monastery

Chronica Minora

The call Beato de Osma is a valuable codex that includes the famous Apocalypse Comments traditionally attributed to the priest Beatus of Liebana. Is kept in the Cathedral and Diocesan Museum of Burgo de Osma, installed in units of the environment of the cloister. It is undoubtedly the crown jewel of the cathedral.

book measurements are 360 \u200b\u200bx 255 mm. It consists of 166 folios written in two columns Visigothic letter of 43 lines. 71 preserved miniatures, among which the most widely used internationally representation is the famous double-page world map in folios 34v-35r.

In order to illustrate the geographic dispersion of the apostles throughout the ecumene , or known world in antiquity, was included in the Blessed a world map derived in large part on the cartogram Isidorian. It showed the sortes apostolorum or where the disciples of Jesus had preached. That contained in the codex of Osma is one of the most complete in existence. Its form is circular, with a Paradise watered by four rivers and the bust-portrait of the twelve apostles. Each is seated about his alleged place of evangelization, accompanied by an identifying label.
The geography of the Iberian Peninsula is particularly detailed in the region of "GALLECIA" is reminiscent of ancient Roman province or district of the High Middle Ages "Gallaecia." The figure of St. James the Great, "S. Iacobs aps." Sits on a shrine in the vicinity of what is meant is the lighthouse of La Coruña, "Faro." The rivers Miño, "F. Minneus" and Duero, "F. Durius" and the territory of Asturias, "ASTURIAS" are other spatial reference.

The manuscript appears to be the work of many hands. In folio 138V. true cleric endorses Peter: "Memento mei Petrus clericus scripsit" , while in folio 163, under the omega end, appears a certain Martin and Martino: "Martini peccatoris mementote" . The latter character has been identified with the illuminator, but without much substance. The data is entered in the folio 10v. "In Nomine Jesu Nostri DOMINI CHRISTI INCIPIT LIBER APOCALIPSIN QUOD INTERPRETATUR revelatio CHRISTI. MCXXIIII ERA" (year 1086).
Our Blessed belongs to the so-called Family I of the textual tradition, as with other texts related to it as the Blessed Lorvão-dated it in 1189 - or two pages of a Worshipper of the second half of the twelfth century preserved in the Archivo Histórico Provincial de León.
on the production site and the whereabouts earlier this unique c or says there are many speculations. In the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century was already in Osma, as in an inventory of books and documents of this mentioned time "about an apocalypse ystorias ecclesiastical and Toledo." Similarly, in the back of our manuscript folio 165, there is an endorsement letter of the second half of the thirteenth century: "est Apochalipsis Oxomensi cabinet. If furatus fuerit quis eum vel alio sine mode licentia conventus extraverit eo vel hc. deleverit totum anathema sit. "

From Shailor studies has recently proposed the scriptorium of the monastery of Santos Facundo and Primitivo de Sahagún as the person responsible for writing and illuminating: "Today, however, it is clear that physical format, writing and ornamentation pointing incontrovertibly to the Leonese monastery of Sahagún as a place of origin. " This award has also been assumed, with some qualifications, by John Williams, JA Fernández and Joaquín Flórez Yarza Luaces.
However, on folio 165r. we come to the contents of two documents directly related to the monastery of Carracedo. On the one hand, the final fragment of a Bull of Innocent III dated to November 22, 1203. In addition, a letter, undated, Don Lope, bishop of Astorga (1190-1205), addressed to the abbot and monks of the monastery: "Ecclesie episcopo Astoricensis filiis Abbati dearest in Christo et fratribus of Carrazeto ." Both diplomas are related to the subject of the enforcement berciano monastery of the Cistercian order and are listed in the "Cartulary of Carracedo. Carracedo
during the second half of the twelfth century had become head of a congregation with many subsidiaries in Leon, Galicia, Asturias and Zamora. By 1203 this congregation credited to the French order of Citeaux through Citeaux, changing old habits blacks by whites Cistercian Benedictines, and changing its former name of San Salvador to Santa Maria de Carracedo. This momentum is conserved well documented, including several letters of Innocent III dated 1203. The first of the texts copied into the Beato de Osma is part of a much broader diploma originally and included the confirmation of all the possessions of the monastery.

From the presence of these letters is assumed by some authors, such as Ramsay and Neuss, his clothing in the monastery on the banks of the Cua. However, there are several serious drawbacks arising from a historical hypothesis. The monastery of San Salvador Carracedo, founded by Bermudo II around the year 990, soon lost strength after the death of the king and went through a period of almost total obscurity until its revival in 1138 by Alfonso VII and his sister Dona Sancha. All this is a faithful witness registration documents or Index Cartulario of Carracedo. These details appear to have been taken into account by scholars of the codex. The last known donation
the monastery is 995, and thereafter are very rare mentions in the documentation of the time. Yepes, 1030 quoted a diploma indicating their survival, but all indications are that the monastic life had either disappeared or languished. In 1094 some estates in Corullón we identify with "Carrazedo term," a diploma from the Cathedral of Astorga.

As has been shown José Antonio Balboa de Paz and Manuel Carriedo Tejedo other contemporary documents simply mention the existence here of a villa , without any allusion to the community of monks. Nor is there reliable information about possible or assumed abbots, with no more than speculation regard.
The truth is that news of the cloister berciano fade between 1040 (date of last known donation for San Salvador), and the year 1130 (when he mentioned the Infant of Carracedo). Between those dates a mention in 1126 Carracedo us acting civil authority, "Petro Garcia, Carrazeto tenens."
On the diploma of 1040 is not complete security, because today is not preserved and only managed to gloss Yepes content in the seventeenth century. This is a grant by the bishop of Astorga Sampiro Sorribas villa in which quoted an abbot named Esteban. In 1130 on the occasion of the delivery by Alfonso VII of the church of Santiago in the town of Cacabelos, confirms, inter alia, Dona Sancha infantis: "Ego infantissa domna Sancia ... et quicquid confirm in prefata villa habe post partem of infantatico of Carracedo. This news is older, in any case, the transfer of the monks of Santa Marina de Valverde to San Salvador de Carracedo, in front of Florencio Abad, under the patronage of Alfonso VII, we know for a diploma dated 17 October 1138.

In such circumstances it is a remote possibility that this place could have been composed in 1086 a manuscript the scale and quality of today preserved in Burgo de Osma.
Another thing are the reasons that those writings were incorporated into the Blessed El Burgo de Osma. In the description of the manuscript made in 1929 by Timothy Red Orcajo had already noted that the sheet 165 was placed as a guardian of the manuscript, ie, not organically belong to none of the booklets.
If we compared the texts of the folio 165r, with appropriate documentation of the "Cartulary of Carracedo" it is clear that this is an incomplete copy made dates close to 1203 and therefore would lack at least two pages or one more. Everything indicates that the folio is question was reused as a guard, before ripping a bifolia and a booklet with more pages.
From these premises, the possibilities multiply. It may be a simple "old parchment, one of many, reused in any rebinding of the manuscript in Osma or elsewhere. But can not be excluded completely stay on the shelves of the library Carracedo from mid-twelfth century.
could have been purchased then the newly refurbished Abbey, or have washed up here from any of the affiliated monasteries of his order, several of them with a known history in the second half of the eleventh century. Another possibility is that he was on temporary loan to make a copy. In fact, the Blessed Lorvão seems like a copy of the codex of Burgo de Osma, or both texts come from the same archetype. Similarly, the two loose folios from a Beatus Astorga, now in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon, have anything to do with iconography and codicological copies of Osma and Lorvão.

When Ambrosio de Morales visited the library in the sixteenth century Carracedo warned that much of its old issues had been alienated: "Books have been many, and given to old parchment hanle: there are still these: Sancti Paterii Opus: ex operibus D. Gregorii. Berengarius in Apocalypsim. A very good saints, which is after Paul Deacon's History Merida, and the Works of Valerio, who was abbot there in the Vierzo, shortly after the downfall of Spain, and Oviedo as stated above there was also its works. "
What is certain is that in the second half of the thirteenth century and belonged to our Blessed chapter Burgo de Osma, as seen in the text copied to the return of the same folio 165. We also know that the cathedral de Osma acquired several manuscripts from the Abbey of Santa Maria Navarrese Fitero.
In any case, the cathedral would be interested in purchasing a beat, the work of a renowned author expressly dedicated to his bishop, Eterio de Osma, all though this time the letter was already fully Visigothic obsolete. Proof of this is the description attached to the first folio of the codex: " or n Explanation of the Apocalypse by several authors. This exhibition is or No S. Beatus of Li é bana, abbot of Li é bana (Cantabria) famous for having fought together with Eterio, disc í S. polish Beato, Bishop of Osma, errors F é lix (Bishop of Urgel was convinced of error or died in 818) and Elipando (archbishop of Toledo, who died in stubborn or 808).

Images: 1. World Map [fol. 34v.-35r] 2. Details World Map with the description of "GALLECIA" 3. The woman and the dragon [fol. 117V.] 4. Diplomas de Carracedo copied on folio 165r., 5. Carracedo chapter house and 6. home west of the church of the monastery.

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Proceedings of the "Convent" - The Priory of San Salvador de Villaverde

Chronicle

Desolation Valley Vidriales

one of the northern territories of interest Zamora awake to the knowledge of the medieval settlement. In Roman history known, and probably, Visigoths, add an interesting episode about early medieval monasteries of Haggai and Castroferrol.
This article aims to provide an approximation of a small monastery nestled in the heart of this valley. This is the monastery of San Salvador de Villaverde de Vidriales. A foundation is almost forgotten today, but it certainly has a turbulent history and evocative. Its domain assets
should not exceed more than occasionally the contours of this narrow valley, Zamora. However, major institutions such as Monastery Sahagun, the French Cluny, or representatives of the most exalted lineage of the kingdom, as Pimentel, fix your attention on this small place of worship.

Unlike other monasteries disappeared in ancient times, its location offers no doubt, having maintained its activity practically until the twentieth century and still preserves the ruins of his small church and as a significant part of its dependencies.

Payment is in the middle of the fields that separate Santibáñez Vidriales and San Pedro de la Viña, in terms of the latter people, being known by locals as "The Convent." The site describes a gentle slope to meet with the stream of La Almucera, collector main river course of the entire region, with the bottom Carpurias Mountains dominate the skyline. Is roughly in the center of the valley, near the old Roman camp Petavonium in Rosinos of Vidriales. Would be located, therefore, beside the Roman road that linked Asturica Bracara Augusta Augusta, a road that during middle age would maintain some of its former vitality as a communications hub and route of the pilgrimage.

are not known with certainty what are the origins of this monastery. Its first mention comes from a diploma of the funds of the monastery of Sahagún 1100. By then, the monastery is now under the control of Alfonso VI, but the paper reports that had previously belonged to Count Munio Fernández, maybe its founder, with his known history back as much as the second half of the eleventh century .

The foundation was to be made on an old existing villa or farm known as the Villa Verde. It seems clear from the beginning the maintenance of the site was linked to the exploitation of this town, which was "do not know if even from a top-quota dependent peasants.

In this document the year 1100, Alfonso VI tells how to enjoy the possession of the monastery Munio Count Fernández, passed into the hands of the king, according to the custom of the kingdom because of the "arrogance" of the count, he did suffer exile. Should be therefore a very to use seizure at the time, the result of the so-called royal wrath. Fernández Munio not be confused with the eponymous tycoon regular diplomas in the late Leon X, and immersed in rebellion against the monarchy, in this case against the person of Vermudo II. The Munio Fernandez before us must have been a minor noble, he has left a scant paper trail. Gomez was married Aldonza, daughter of Count Gomez Diaz and Teresa Peláez, and sister of Elvira and Mayor Gomez, who also called his tombstone cometissa. Know of this marriage a daughter, Elvira Muniz.

Later, the king gave the monastery to his wife, Queen Bertha, which dealt with administration. But the queen died and buried in the monastery of Sahagun, the king gave it to the great Benedictine monastery, with whom he joined a close connection. The donation also included a provision on the solemn obligation of the new owners to provide thirteen poor resources to keep perpetually alive the memory of Alfonso VI and his late wife. Died

King, Countess Dona Aldonza, widow of Count Munio, claimed their rights over the small monastery of Queen Urraca. The queen, at the request of the Bishop of Leon had to act as mediator, acknowledged that his predecessor had been misinformed and considering legitimate their claims, returned the possession date not materialized. Shortly thereafter, in 1112, the Countess decided to deliver it, with all its rights and possessions to the monastery of Cluny and its abbot Pontius. Given the close ties between Cluny and Sahagun in the late eleventh century y principios del siglo XII, esta donación tiene más bien la apariencia de un compromiso que satisfaría a todas las partes implicadas en el asunto.

Con el tiempo Villaverde volvió de nuevo al control efectivo del monasterio de Sahagún, aunque no se cuenta con información sobre cuándo ni cómo. Es entonces cuando el cenobio debió adquirir la condición de priorato, uno más de la larga lista de filiaciones con que contaba el cenobio de la ribera del Cea. En cualquier caso, la vinculación entre Villaverde y Cluny debió mantenerse de alguna forma, bien fuera de una manera órganica o puramente nominal, pues incluso en el siglo XVI se sigue denominado the diplomas as San Salvador de Villaverde de Cluny.

Since the early fifteenth century monastery of San Salvador de Vidriales begins to enter the orbit of Pimentel. Initially, relations were limited to agreements or property transactions. For example, two parts of the priory: Valleluengo Sandín and are subject to change between the prior of Villaverde, Juan de Calzada and Don Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, II Conde de Benavente, formalized on March 26, 1428. In return, the monastery received an inheritance of five yugadas in Bercianos of Vidriales, a village in the jurisdiction of Benavente, which were obtained 35 loads of bread. Escalona

attributed to Don Rodrigo Pimentel, Count of Benavente by Sahagun delivery of the parcel of the priory, justifying it in the "troubles of Castile." According to him "this guy got up with him and their properties and rights that were quite remarkable." Isabel Rodrigo Beceiro assumed that this must correspond to the second holder of the county: Rodrigo Alfonso Pimentel, and not with the same name as the room could be implied, since this parcel is one of the assets of the third Earl Alfonso Pimentel. The rights of the priory included at this time "the padronadgo to present the benefits of e Minçereces Aguilar and Olmillos and Santa Marina Santisteuan Xamontes e Olmos who are in the diocese Astorga and other ecclesiastical revenues and benefits and always touo apresentar right to them. "

Allegations of abuses and usurpations prompted the beginning of a long dispute at the request of the monastery of Sahagún unleashed from 1478. The consequences of this process gave a totally new direction to the destination of the small priory.

is 1510 when Pope Julius II appointed prior to Juan Pimentel, who also enjoyed the parcel. Your name betrays its relatedness to the county family, apparently a nephew of Count V. This noble little priory took possession of the May 3, 1510 by Gonzalo de Magaz cleric, legal representative.

few days later, on May 8 of that year, Juan Pimentel himself, endorsing the office in a ceremony held at the monastery of Nogales. However, the monastery of Sahagún not give up and continued litigating against the Roman curia to defend their rights.

But in 1525 there was a decisive turning point which finally chose the subject to county interests. On that date Pope Clement VII Villaverde annexing the Priory of the Hospital de la Piedad de Benavente, recently founded by the V Conde, Alfonso Pimentel and his wife Anne of Hererra and Velasco. As evidenced by the papal document on Count V succeeded his relative, Juan Pimentel, that would make waiver of the parcel of it in the hands of Pope Clement VII and this in turn, by appeal of the Earl, sent him to add to Mercy Hospital. This union carried with it the obligation to maintain in the priory church two monks or secular priests to attend worship and daily Masses.

Sahagún protests just got to shake the line marked by Rome. Finally in 1544 the Roman curia to pronounce sentence in condemning the monastery of Sahagún to perpetual silence, and declared valid annexations. The monastery Leon was forced to pay 60 ducats and 4 gold florins by way of costs of prosecution. For its part, the hospital paid every fifteen years, in compensation for such aggregation, the contributions for the Holy See. Calf Book of Mercy Hospital of Benavente recorded in its accounts the entries for these expenditures. In the eighteenth century the lump sum, called quindenios, amounted to 2000 real, more real 460 in collection expenses and travel.

The history of San Salvador de Villaverde runs parallel since the Mercy Hospital. During the following centuries the priory continued to expand its assets in the valley of Vidriales. In the eighteenth century spread their income by Jamont places, Micereces, Valdez, Requejo of gunpowder, Vecilla, Mozar, Burgaña, Olmillos, Navianos, Aguilar, Abraveses, SITRAME, Hills, Granucillo, Granucillino, Cunquilla, Bercianos, Tardemázar, Santibanez of Vidriales, Calzada, Nail and Letrillas .

However, life was languishing in the small religious center. In 1752, mentioned the two chaplains who perform their duties in the House of the Priory ": Pedro Mateos and Jose Castillo. A mid-nineteenth century Madoz indicates briefly that he exercised the functions only two priests appointed by the Count of Benavente. This activity, almost vegetative, came holding up well into the twentieth century. The two religious

lived here with the only requirement to meet their religious obligations, mainly masses, following ancient tradition regulated by the Counts of Benavente. Also officiating religious services occasionally required by the locals. The activity should definitely be extinguished when the Hospital de la Piedad de Benavente became a retirement home, but the foundation that manages the property still retains ownership of the farm that is the Priory.
Images: 1. View house priory with a broken sarcophagus in the foreground, 2. Chapel 3. Main facade of the priory house, 4. Patio and auxiliary facilities 5. Interior of the chapel and 6. View of San Pedro de la Viña.